- Source: Nymphalinae
The Nymphalinae are a subfamily of brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae). Sometimes, the subfamilies Limenitidinae, and Biblidinae are included here as subordinate tribe(s), while the tribe Melitaeini is occasionally regarded as a distinct subfamily. Their phylogenetics can be traced back to the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution after the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction, followed by repeated dispersals into the rest of the Old World and the New World during various periods beginning in the Eocene.
Systematics
The traditionally recognized tribes of Nymphalinae are here listed in the presumed phylogenetic sequence:
Coeini (six or seven genera)
Nymphalini – anglewings, tortoiseshells and relatives (about 15 genera, two are fossil)
Kallimini (about five genera)
Victorinini (four genera, formerly in Kallimini)
Junoniini (about five genera)
Melitaeini – fritillaries (about 25 genera)
Vanessulini (one genus, Vanessula Dewitz, 1887 , per Grishin in Zhang, Cong, Shen, Opler & Grishin, 202, elsewhere as incertae sedis)
Genera incertae sedis are:
Rhinopalpa – the wizard
Kallimoides Shirôzu & Nakanishi, 1984 – African leaf butterfly
In addition to these, Crenidomimas is sometimes placed here, but may belong in the Limenitidinae, genus Euryphura.
The Late Eocene fossil genus Lithodryas might belong here, but it is generally assigned to the Lycaenidae.
References
Further reading
Savela, Markku (2010): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms – Nymphalinae. Version of 2010-JUN-30. Retrieved 2011-FEB-08.
Glassberg, Jeffrey Butterflies through Binoculars, The West (2001)
Pelham, Jonathan Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada (2008)
Su, C., Shi, Q., Sun, X. et al. Dated phylogeny and dispersal history of the butterfly subfamily Nymphalinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Sci Rep 7, 8799 (2017)
External links
Butterflies and Moths of North America
Butterflies of America
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Allora doleschallii
- Nymphalidae
- Vanessa (kupu-kupu)
- Junonia orithya
- Daftar kupu-kupu Taiwan
- Nymphalinae
- Ruellia
- List of butterflies of North America (Nymphalidae)
- List of butterflies of the Amazon River basin and the Andes
- List of butterflies of Belize
- List of butterflies of Singapore
- List of endemic butterflies of Indonesia
- Lorquin's admiral
- List of butterflies of the Solomon Islands
- List of butterflies of Europe (Nymphalidae)
