• Source: Outline of thought

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to thought (thinking):
Thought (also called thinking) – mental process in which beings form psychological associations and models of the world. Thinking is manipulating information, as when we form concepts, engage in problem solving, reason and make decisions. Thought, the act of thinking, produces more thoughts. A thought may be an idea, an image, a sound or even control an emotional feeling.




Nature of thought


Thought (or thinking) can be described as all of the following:

An activity taking place in a:
brain – organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals (only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain). It is the physical structure associated with the mind.
mind – abstract entity with the cognitive faculties of consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement, and memory. Having a mind is a characteristic of living creatures. Activities taking place in a mind are called mental processes or cognitive functions.
computer (see § Machine thought below) – general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations (an algorithm) can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem.
An activity of intelligence – intelligence is the intellectual process of which is marked by cognition, motivation, and self-awareness. Through intelligence, living creatures possess the cognitive abilities to learn, form concepts, understand, apply logic, and reason, including the capacities to recognize patterns, comprehend ideas, plan, problem solve, make decisions, retaining, and use language to communicate. Intelligence enables living creatures to experience and think.
A type of mental process – something that individuals can do with their minds. Mental processes include perception, memory, thinking, volition, and emotion. Sometimes the term cognitive function is used instead.
A biological adaptation mechanism
Neural network explanation: Thoughts are created by the summation of neural outputs and connections of which vectors form. These vectors describe the magnitude and direction of the connections and action between neurons. The graphs of these vectors can represent a network of neurons whose connections fire in different ways over time as synapses fire. These large thought vectors in the brain cause other vectors of activity. For example: An input from the environment is received by the neural network. The network changes the magnitude and outputs of individual neurons. The altered network outputs the symbols needed to make sense of the input.




Types of thoughts






= Content of thoughts

=




Types of thought (thinking)


Listed below are types of thought, also known as thinking processes.




= Animal thought

=




= Human thought

=
Human thought – Cognitive process independent of the sensesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets



Classifications of thought

Bloom's taxonomy – Classification system in education
Dual process theory – Psychological theory of how thought can arise in two different ways
Fluid and crystallized intelligence – Factors of general intelligence
Higher-order thinking – Concept in education and education reform
Theory of multiple intelligences – Theory of multiple types of human intelligence
Three-stratum theory – Cognitive ability theory
Williams' taxonomy



Creative processes




Decision-making




Erroneous thinking




Emotional intelligence (emotionally based thinking)

Emotional intelligence – Capability to understand one's emotions and use this understanding to guide thinking and behavior



Problem solving

Problem solving – Approaches to problem solving



Reasoning

Reasoning – Capacity for consciously making sense of thingsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets




= Machine thought

=




= Organizational thought

=
Organizational thought (thinking by organizations)

Management information system – Information system used for decision-making
Organizational communication – Field of study in communication studies
Organizational planning
Strategic planning – Organizational decision making process
Strategic thinking – Cognitive activity
Systems theory – Interdisciplinary study of systems




Aspects of the thinker


Aspects of the thinker which may affect (help or hamper) his or her thinking:




Properties of thought






Fields that study thought






Thought tools and thought research


Cognitive model – Model of cognition's operation
Design tool – Objects, media, or computer programs, which can be used to design
Diagram – Symbolic representation of information using visualization techniques
Argument map – Visual representation of the structure of an argument
Concept map – Diagram showing relationships among concepts
Mind map – Diagram to visually organize information
DSRP – Theory and method of thinking
Intelligence amplification – Use of information technology to augment human intelligence
Language – Structured system of communication
Meditation – Practice of mindfulness
Six Thinking Hats – 1985 book by Maltese Dr. Edward de Bono
Synectics – Thought process for making the strange familiar and the familiar strange




History of thinking


History of reasoning – Capacity for consciously making sense of thingsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

History of artificial intelligence
History of cognitive science – Interdisciplinary scientific study of cognitive processesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
History of the concept of creativity
History of ideas – Study of the history of human ideas and of intellectualsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
History of logic
History of psychometrics – Theory and technique of psychological measurementPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets




Nootropics (cognitive enhancers and smart drugs)


Nootropic – Compound intended to improve cognitive function

Substances that improve mental performance:




= Organizational thinking concepts

=




Teaching methods and skills






Awards related to thinking






= Awards for acts of genius

=
Nobel Prize – Prizes established by Alfred Nobel in 1895
Pulitzer Prize – Awards for American journalism and arts
MacArthur Fellows Program – Annual prize by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation




Organizations


Associations pertaining to thought
Association for Automated Reasoning – non-profit that seeks to advance the field of automated reasoningPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Association for Informal Logic and Critical Thinking
International Joint Conference on Automated Reasoning – Conferences series on automated reasoning, automated deduction, and related fields
High IQ societies – Organization for people with a high IQ scorePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Mind Sports Organisation – companyPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallbackPages displaying short descriptions with no spacess
World Mind Sports Games – Multi-sport event
Think tank – Organization that performs policy research and advocacy




Media






= Publications

=



Books

Handbook of Automated Reasoning



Periodicals

Journal of Automated Reasoning
Journal of Formalized Reasoning
Positive Thinking Magazine




= Television programs

=
Thinkabout (U.S. TV series)




Persons associated with thinking






= People notable for their extraordinary ability to think

=
Geniuses
List of Nobel laureates (see also Nobel Prize)
Polymaths




= Scientists in fields that study thought

=
List of cognitive scientists




= Scholars of thinking

=

Aaron T. Beck
Edward de Bono
Tony Buzan
Noam Chomsky
Albert Ellis
Howard Gardner
Eliyahu M. Goldratt
Douglas Hofstadter
Ray Kurzweil
Marvin Minsky
Richard W. Paul
Steven Pinker
Bertrand Russell
Baruch Spinoza
Robert Sternberg




Related concepts


Cognition
Knowledge
Multiple intelligences
Strategy
Structure
System
Ideation




= Awareness and perception

=




= Learning and memory

=




See also



Artificial intelligence
Outline of artificial intelligence
Human intelligence
Outline of human intelligence
Neuroscience
Outline of neuroscience
Psychology
Gestalt psychology (theory of mind)
Outline of psychology
Miscellaneous

Thinking

Lists




References






External links



The Psychology of Emotions, Feelings and Thoughts, Free Online Book

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Ilmu kalam
• Humanisme Renaisans
• Masa depan
• Kesultanan Utsmaniyah
• Cinta platonik
• Kera
• Inggris
• Psikologi analitis
• Anthony Giddens
• Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi
• Outline of thought
• Thought
• An Outline of Islamic Thought in the Quran
• List of cognitive biases
• Mind
• Outline of psychology
• Cognition
• Critical thinking
• Outliner
• Reason