- Source: Pointing and calling
Pointing and calling is a method in occupational safety for avoiding mistakes by pointing at important indicators and verbally calling out their status. It is especially common on Japanese railways, where it is referred to as shisa kanko (指差喚呼), shisa kakunin kanko (指差確認喚呼) or yubisashi koshō (指差呼称); and in Mainland Chinese and Taiwanese railways, where it is called 指差呼唤; 指差確認 (zhǐchā hūhuàn). Gesturing at and verbalizing these indicators helps with focus. The method was first used by train drivers and is now commonly used in Japanese industry. It is recommended by the Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association (JISHA, 中央労働災害防止協会), and a part of railway management regulations in China. It is not common outside of Asia, though it is used in the New York City Subway system, Toronto's TTC subway and GO Transit and many systems built to Chinese standards, for example Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway.
Pointing and calling requires co-action and co-reaction among the operator's brain, eyes, hands, mouth, and ears.
History
The method originated in Japan in the early 1900s, with train drivers calling out the status of signals. Back in those days steam locomotives were common in use, with loud noises, steam and smoke making the cooperation between the two drivers difficult, and also making rail journeys dangerous. Drivers had to call out loudly to hear each other. The pointing was added a few decades later. The system was also introduced to Taiwan when it was under Japanese rule. During the Japanese occupation of China and the South Manchuria Railway's operation, the system was introduced to China, which slightly modified it to fit the Chinese Railway system.
Asia
The method is widely used in Asian countries, especially in dangerous works such as elevator maintenance and railway operations. The Chinese variant became much more complex including pointing (using both forefinger and middle finger instead of forefinger-only as in Japan, and used when checking signals, doors, speed and other major aspects) and caution (bending the right elbow by 90° and lifting the forearm upright, used when a checking procedure is finished or caution signals).
The method is also widely used in Taiwan by the Taiwan High Speed Rail, Taiwan Railways Administration, on the one-person operated high-capacity lines of the Taipei Metro, Kaohsiung Metro and Taoyuan Airport MRT, and since 2014, also on the Taipei Joint Bus System.
The method was used by Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation on the East Rail Line and West Rail Line in Hong Kong until its passenger rail operations were acquired by MTR Corporation in 2007.
The method is also used in Indonesia by national rail operator Kereta Api Indonesia and its subsidiary (KAI Commuter and KAI Bandara) following the company's reform in 2015, and also by newer regional rail operators such as Jakarta MRT and Jakarta LRT. The method also used in KCIC for the WHOOSH train. In India, the forefinger is used for pointing and calling the signals.
In Japan the pointing and calling has become a part of the railway culture, and is featured in many events like the opening of a new railway company, such as the departing ceremony of Osaka Metro.
North America
In North America, transit workers perform a similar procedure, known as "point and acknowledge".
= New York City
=
In the New York City Subway, before opening the train doors, subway conductors are required to point to a black-and-white striped board located opposite of the conductor's window every time when a train pulls into a station. The boards are located at the middle of the platform such that when the conductor can see the sign, both ends of the train have reached the platform and that it is safe to open the train doors. The procedure was implemented in 1996 after a series of incidents where doors opened in the tunnel. The procedure shows that the conductor is paying attention. If the conductor cannot see the striped board, they are not permitted to open the doors.
= Toronto
=
In the TTC, before opening the train doors, subway guards are required to point to a green triangle installed on the platform wall opposite of the conductor's window every time when a train pulls into a station. The procedure was implemented after a series of incidents where conductors opened the doors on the wrong side of the train. The procedure is used to focus the conductor's attention.
Streetcar operators are required to confirm track switch alignments by stopping at a switch, pointing to the switch with their index finger, and then proceeding. This is done to focus the operator's attention to ensure that the streetcar does not go to a different route.
GO Transit adopted the practice in March 2021. Upon entering a station, but before opening the doors, the Customer Service Ambassador (CSA) is required to point towards both ends of the train and announce that the platform is clear as a way to confirm that the train is stopped properly. After the CSA closes the doors, the same process is repeated to confirm that nobody is caught in the doors. According to Metrolinx, incorporating the pointing and calling procedure within GO Transit's daily operations is an important way to enhance safety, "especially as the transit agency gets ready to launch the largest expansion of GO service in its history".
Effectiveness
A 1994 study by the Railway Technical Research Institute showed that pointing and calling reduced mistakes by almost 85 percent when doing a simple task.
References
Further reading
"田辺肇 "危険予知活動実践マニュアル" 1984, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association
"今村一郎 "機関車と共に" 1962、ヘッドライト社, page 78
"神戸鉄道管理局 "機関車乗務員教範" 1913年, pages 259-262
Kazumitsu Shinoharaa; Hiroshi Naitoa; Yuko Matsuib; Masaru Hikonob (March 2013). "The effects of "finger pointing and calling" on cognitive control processes in the task-switching paradigm". International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 43 (2): 129–136. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2012.08.004.
"Railway Management Regulations(铁路技术管理规程)" 1992, China Railways
External links
AllAboutLean.com (Jan 4, 2014). Pointing and Calling Japanese Safety Standard at Railway Companies & Toyota. Youtube.
"Concept of "Zero-accident Total Participation Campaign"". Japan International Center for Occupational Safety and Health.
Yosef Lerner (Oct 30, 2013). The New York Subway Signs Experiment. Youtube. In NYC, subway conductors have to point at a black and white sign to prove that they're paying attention. They do it at every hour, at every stop. It's kind of silly, so we decided to make their day.
James Albright (Jun 22, 2017). "Adding Japanese 'Shisa Kanko' Techniques To Modern Cockpits". Aviation Week Network.
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