- Source: Polyneoptera
The cohort Polyneoptera is one of the major groups of winged insects, comprising the Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, etc.) and all other neopteran insects believed to be more closely related to Orthoptera than to any other insect orders. They were formerly grouped together with the Palaeoptera and Paraneoptera as the Hemimetabola or Exopterygota on the grounds that they have no pupa, the wings gradually developing externally throughout the nymphal stages. Many members of the group have leathery forewings (tegmina) and hindwings with an enlarged anal field (vannus).
Taxonomy
= Extant
=The following extant orders are included in Polyneoptera:
Superorder Dictyoptera
Order Blattodea (cockroaches and termites)
Order Mantodea (praying mantises)
Order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids)
Order Dermaptera (earwigs)
Order Embioptera (web-spinners)
Order Plecoptera (stoneflies)
Order Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers)
Order Mantophasmatodea (gladiators)
Order Phasmatodea (stick and leaf insects)
Order Zoraptera (angel insects)
= Fossil
=The following fossil groups are included in Polyneoptera:
Archaeorthoptera (Orthoptera and stem-group relatives)
†Caloneurodea
†Cnemidolestodea (= Cnemidolestida)
†Geraroptera
†Titanoptera – Carboniferous to Triassic
order Incertae sedis
family †Cacurgidae Handlirsch, 1911
family †Chresmodidae Haase, 1890
family †Permostridulidae Béthoux, Nel, Lapeyrie & Gand, 2003
family †Protophasmatidae Brongniart, 1885
genus †Chenxiella Liu, Ren & Prokop, 2009
genus †Lobeatta Béthoux, 2005
genus †Longzhua Gu, Béthoux & Ren, 2011
genus †Nectoptilus Béthoux, 2005
genus †Sinopteron Prokop & Ren, 2007
Stem-group Phasmatodea
†family Xiphopteridae Sharov 1968
†family Prochresmodidae Vishnyakova 1980
†family Aeroplanidae Tillyard 1918
†family Cretophasmatidae Sharov 1968
†family Aerophasmatidae Martynov, 1928
Stem-group Dermaptera
†Protelytroptera
†"Grylloblattida" (Stem-group Grylloblattodea?)
†Geinitziidae
†Gorochoviidae
†Juraperlidae
†Bajanzhargalanidae
...
†Eoblattida
†Paoliida
†Protorthoptera
† family Magicivenidae
Phylogeny
The following cladogram is based on the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019:
See also
List of Orthopteroid genera containing species recorded in Europe
Notes
References
External links
Media related to Polyneoptera at Wikimedia Commons
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Belalang sentadu
- Capung
- Lalat capung
- Hemiptera
- Lalat
- Kumbang
- Kecoak
- Serangga
- Pinjal
- Dermaptera
- Polyneoptera
- Neoptera
- Grylloblattidae
- Earwig
- Eumetabola
- Zoraptera
- Insect
- Notoptera
- Embioptera
- Lepidoptera
