• Source: Pouye language

Pouye (Bouye) is a language spoken in Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea, by a thousand people, and growing. It is spoken in the seven villages of Bulawa (3.665801°S 142.014408°E / -3.665801; 142.014408 (Bulwo)), Kiliauto, Komtin, Maurom (3.683154°S 141.847269°E / -3.683154; 141.847269 (Maurom)), Wokien (3.697824°S 141.957815°E / -3.697824; 141.957815 (Wokien)), Wulme, and Yukilau (3.678344°S 141.925477°E / -3.678344; 141.925477 (Yiklau)), which are mostly located within East Wapei Rural LLG.
A grammar of the Pouye language is published here:
https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/62023




Phonology


This description follows Dede & Reuter (2011).




= Phonemic inventory

=
Pouye has 12 consonants, of which three have constrastive secondary articulations (labialisation or palatalisation).

A fairly large nine-vowel inventory is also seen:

In addition there are seven diphthongs /au̯ əu̯ ou̯ ai̯ əi̯ ei̯ ɪi̯/ which act as discrete vowel units.
The trial orthography is as in the IPA except for /tʷ tʲ kʷ j/ which are tw ty kw y and the vowels /ɨ ɪ ɛ ə/ which are i i e a. This causes ambiguity between /i ɨ ɪ/, /e ɛ/ or /a ə/ although the functional load on these contrasts is low.




= Phonotactics

=
Pouye allows maximally two consonants in a syllable onset and one consonant in the coda. The nucleus may be a single vowel or diphthong, but although CVVC and CCVC syllables are permitted, CCVVC syllables are unattested. Complex onsets may be maximally a plosive plus a trill or approximant, or the sequence /kt/, for instance in /kin.kti/ "small" (no other two-plosive sequences occur).
Stress is generally placed on the penultimate syllable, although exceptions do occur (/wɨlˈou̯k/ "snake") and if the penult is /wɨ/ or /wo/ the stress is pushed leftwards (/⁠ˈka.wo.wi/ "white").




= Morphophonology

=
Several morphophonemic alternations occur in Pouye, both within phonological words and across word boundaries.



Trill-deletion

The nominal object marker -rɨ loses its initial consonant following /r/ or /l/ or a monosyllable ending in /n/:/jar-rɨ/ → [jarɨ] who-OBJ "whom"
/pol-rɨ/ → [polɨ] Paul-OBJ "Paul"

/wan-rɨ/ → [wanɨ] 1SG-OBJ "me"Compare /wəlou̯k-rɨ/ → [wəlou̯krɨ] snake-OBJ. Similarly, the locative marker -ru is realised as [u] in fast speech following any plain alveolar consonant (/n l r t/)./tɨlpan-ru/ → [tɨlpanu] palm.floor-LOC "on the floor"
/tau̯ wai̯l-ru/ → [tau̯ wai̯lu] tree tree.keel-LOC "on the tree keel"
/jɪprar-ru/ → [jɪpraru] chicken-LOC "on the chicken"

/pɨrɨt-ru/ → [pɨrɨtu] ground-LOC "on the ground"Compare /ləu̯-ru/ → [ləu̯ru] house-LOC "to the house/village".



Vowel epenthesis

When concatenation of morphemes would produce a sequence of two identical plosives, /ɨ/ is inserted between them epenthetically./t-tɪnri-ke-nɨn-a/ → [tɨtInrikenɨn]
R-revenge-PRF-PAS-awhile

"Had had revenge"Likewise /ɨ/ is inserted to prevent the formation of non-permissible consonant sequences, i.e. sequences of three consonants where the last two do not form a valid onset as described above, or two such consonants word-initially./wilau̯k-mta/ → [wilau̯kɨmta] good-INT "great"
/n-kɨ/ → [nɨkɨ] IMP-get "get it!"Compare for instance /nam-ki/ → [namki] 1P-ACP "with us", where the sequence /mk/ appears intervocalically and can be syllabified to two distinct syllables without requiring epenthesis.



Consonant coalescence

Two identical nasals, trills or laterals (/mm nn rr ll/) degeminate when brought together./t-ətɨn-nɨn/ → [tətɨnɨn] R-sew-PAS "has sewn"
/t-ɪl-lai̯/ → [tɪlai̯] R-weave-CONT "weaving"With the imperative prefix n-, epenthesis occurs prior to this rule, meaning that imperatives remain distinct./n-nək/ → [nɨnək] IMP-hold "hold!" *[nək]



Approximant epenthesis

Between two vowels at morpheme boundaries, a non-lateral approximant is inserted. Following /i ɨ ɪ e ɛ/, /j/ is inserted, and following /u o ə a/, /w/ is inserted./t-ake-ɨr/ → [takejɨr] R-see-around "look round"
/ra-lə-atʲɨ/ → [raləwatʲɨ] REP-down-come "come down again"In exception to this rule, the hortative prefix pa- inserts /l/ before a vowel./pa-i-nɨm/ → [palinɨm] HRT-go-P "let's go" *[pawinɨm]Note also the exception described below.



Vowel deletion

The low vowel /a/ is deleted before /e/ or /ɛ/ over morpheme boundaries./t-ja-ɛj-ɨr-wɨt/ → [tʲejɨrwɨt]
R-up-COM-with-stand

"Come up and stand with"



Labial-velar approximant deletion

The suffix -wo "only" is reduced to -o in penultimate position, i.e. when followed by another single monosyllabic suffix. This prevents stress shifting leftwards./wan-wo-kʷɨ/ → [waˈnokʷɨ] 1S-only-POS "my/mine only"Compare /wan-wo/ → [ˈwanwo] 1SG-only "I only" or /kʷ-atu-wo-ke-nɨn/ → [kʷatuwoˈkenɨn] QCK-hang.up-up-PRF-PAS "quickly hung up (sth.) and left", in which cases wo would not be stressed normally anyway.



Dissimilation

When the prefixes na- (potential) or ya- (negative) precede the realis prefix t-, and this sequence precedes a morpheme beginning with a plosive, the realis prefix becomes r- via dissimilation of manner with the following plosive./ya-t-patɨ-tamu/ → [yarpatɨtamu]
NEG-R-twist-break

"Didn‘t break"



Vowel harmony

With compound words, vowel harmony causes the open vowel /a/ in the first element to raise to /ə/ in the second element./mau̯-ləu̯/ → [məu̯ləu̯] bush-house "bush-house"



Alveolar plosive epenthesis

The alveolar plosive /t/ is inserted at the end of a word when the following word begins with /m/. If the first word already ends in /t/, then additional epenthesis of /ɨ/ occurs./pa-ki me/ → [pakit me] FCS-TMP say "then said"
/lot mei̯pɨr-ke/ → [lotɨt mei̯pɨrke] Lot laugh-PRF "Lot laughed"This and the following rule occur over word boundaries, as opposed to the previous rules which are all word-internal processes.



Secondary trill deletion

The trill /r/ is also deleted in fast speech in the word riyɨ "now" when the previous word ends in /n/./ja-t-i-nɨn rijɨ/ → [jatinɨn ͜ ijɨ] NEG-R-go-PAS now "still has not gone"




= Loan word phonology

=
Pouye has borrowed a number of words from the lingua franca Tok Pisin. In these words the phonemes /b d ɡ v s/ can be retained, e.g. /sevenpela/ "seven" (cf. native /jilɨkalikir/). Morphophonemic rules generally apply to these words, and the trill deletion rule described above extends its environment to following /s/ as well:/barnabas-rɨ/ → [barnabasɨ] Barnabas-OBJ "Barnabas"Note the loan phonemes /b/ and /s/.




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Pouye language
• Pouye
• Awtuw language
• Oumar Pouye
• East Wapei Rural LLG
• Ram languages
• Rome Statute
• Karawa language
• Karim Wade
• Xooy