• Source: Process area (CMMI)

The Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) defines a process area as, "a cluster of related practices in an area that, when implemented collectively, satisfies a set of goals considered important for making improvement in that area." Both CMMI for Development v1.3 and CMMI for Acquisition v1.3 identify 22 process areas, whereas CMMI for Services v1.3 identifies 24 process areas. Many of the process areas are the same in these three models.




Process Area Organization


In CMMI models, the process areas are organized in alphabetical order according to their acronym. However, process areas can be grouped according to maturity levels or process area categories.




Maturity Levels: CMMI for Development


There are Five maturity levels. However, maturity level ratings are awarded for levels 2 through 5. The process areas below and their maturity levels are listed for the CMMI for Development model:
Maturity Level 2 - Managed

CM - Configuration Management
MA - Measurement and Analysis
PMC - Project Monitoring and Control
PP - Project Planning
PPQA - Process and Product Quality Assurance
REQM - Requirements Management
SAM - Supplier Agreement Management
Maturity Level 3 - Defined

DAR - Decision Analysis and Resolution
IPM - Integrated Project Management
OPD - Organizational Process Definition
OPF - Organizational Process Focus
OT - Organizational Training
PI - Product Integration
RD - Requirements Development
RSKM - Risk Management
TS - Technical Solution
VAL - Validation
VER - Verification
Maturity Level 4 - Quantitatively Managed

OPP - Organizational Process Performance
QPM - Quantitative Project Management
Maturity Level 5 - Optimizing

CAR - Causal Analysis and Resolution
OPM - Organizational Performance Management




Maturity Levels: CMMI for Services


The process areas below and their maturity levels are listed for the CMMI for Services model:
Maturity Level 2 - Managed

CM - Configuration Management
MA - Measurement and Analysis
PPQA - Process and Product Quality Assurance
REQM - Requirements Management
SAM - Supplier Agreement Management
SD - Service Delivery
WMC - Work Monitoring and Control
WP - Work Planning
Maturity Level 3 - Defined (this includes the process areas that make up the previous levels; Maturity Level 3 is made up of the process areas in Level 2 and Level 3)

CAM - Capacity and Availability Management
DAR - Decision Analysis and Resolution
IRP - Incident Resolution and Prevention
IWM - Integrated Work Management
OPD - Organizational Process Definition
OPF - Organizational Process Focus
OT - Organizational Training
RSKM - Risk Management
SCON - Service Continuity
SSD - Service System Development
SST - Service System Transition
STSM - Strategic Service Management
Maturity Level 4 - Quantitatively Managed

OPP - Organizational Process Performance
QPM - Quantitative Work Management
Maturity Level 5 - Optimizing

CAR - Causal Analysis and Resolution
OPM - Organizational Performance Management




Maturity Levels: CMMI for Acquisition


The process areas below and their maturity levels are listed for the CMMI for Acquisition model:
Maturity Level 2 - Managed

AM - Agreement Management
ARD - Acquisition Requirements Development
CM - Configuration Management
MA - Measurement and Analysis
PMC - Project Monitoring and Control
PP - Project Planning
PPQA - Process and Product Quality Assurance
REQM - Requirements Management
SSAD - Solicitation and Supplier Agreement Development
Maturity Level 3 - Defined

ATM - Acquisition Technical Management
AVAL - Acquisition Validation
AVER - Acquisition Verification
DAR - Decision Analysis and Resolution
IPM - Integrated Project Management
OPD - Organizational Process Definition
OPF - Organizational Process Focus
OT - Organizational Training
RSKM - Risk Management.
Maturity Level 4 - Quantitatively Managed

OPP - Organizational Process Performance
QPM - Quantitative Project Management
Maturity Level 5 - Optimizing

CAR - Casual Analysis and Resolution
OPM - Organization Performance Management




Goals and Practices


There are two categories of goals and practices: generic and specific. Specific goals and practices are specific to a process area. Generic goals and practices are a part of every process area. A process area is satisfied when organizational processes cover all of the generic and specific goals and practices for that process area.




= Generic Goals and Practices

=
Generic goals and practices are a part of every process area.

GG 1 Achieve Specific Goals
GP 1.1 Perform Specific Practices
GG 2 Institutionalize a Managed Process
GP 2.1 Establish an Organizational Policy
GP 2.2 Plan the Process
GP 2.3 Provide Resources
GP 2.4 Assign Responsibility
GP 2.5 Train People
GP 2.6 Control Work Products
GP 2.7 Identify and Involve Relevant Stakeholders
GP 2.8 Monitor and Control the Process
GP 2.9 Objectively Evaluate Adherence
GP 2.10 Review Status with Higher Level Management
GG 3 Institutionalize a Defined Process
GP 3.1 Establish a Defined Process
GP 3.2 Collect Process Related Experiences




= Specific Goals and Practices

=
Each process area is defined by a set of goals and practices. These goals and practices appear only in that process area.




Process Areas


CMMI for Development, Version 1.2 contains 22 process areas indicating the aspects of product and service development that are to be covered by organizational processes. For a summary of process areas for each model, see these quick reference documents available on the SEI website:

CMMI for Acquisition [1]
CMMI for Development [2]
CMMI for Services [3]




= Agreement Management (AM)

=
A Project Management process area at Maturity Level 2
Purpose
The purpose of Agreement Management (AM) is to ensure that the supplier and the acquirer perform according to the terms of the supplier agreement.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Satisfy Supplier Agreements
SP 1.1 Execute the Supplier Agreement
SP 1.2 Monitor Selected Supplier Processes
SP 1.3 Accept the Acquired Product
SP 1.4 Manage Supplier Invoices




= Capacity and Availability Management (CAM)

=
A Support process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Capacity and Availability Management (CAM) is to ensure effective service system performance and
ensure that resources are provided and used effectively to support service requirements.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Prepare for Capacity and Availability Management
SP 1.1 Establish a Capacity and Availability Management Strategy
SP 1.2 Select Measures and Analytic Techniques
SP 1.3 Establish Service System Representations
SG 2 Monitor and Analyze Capacity and Availability
SP 2.1 Monitor and Analyze Capacity
SP 2.2 Monitor and Analyze Availability
SP 2.3 Report Capacity and Availability Management Data




= Causal Analysis and Resolution (CAR)

=
A Support process area at Maturity Level 5
Purpose
The purpose of Causal Analysis and Resolution (CAR) is to identify causes of selected outcomes and take action to improve process performance.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Determine Causes of Selected Outcomes
SP 1.1 Select Outcomes for Analysis
SP 1.2 Analyze Causes
SG 2 Address Causes of Selected Outcomes
SP 2.1 Implement Action Proposals
SP 2.2 Evaluate the Effect of Implemented Actions
SP 2.3 Record Causal Analysis Data




= Configuration Management (CM)

=
A Support process area at Maturity Level 2
Purpose
The purpose of Configuration Management (CM) is to establish and maintain the integrity of work products using configuration identification, configuration control, configuration status accounting, and configuration audits.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Establish Baselines
SP 1.1 Identify Configuration Items
SP 1.2 Establish a Configuration Management System
SP 1.3 Create or Release Baselines
SG 2 Track and Control Changes
SP 2.1 Track Change Requests
SP 2.2 Control Configuration Items
SG 3 Establish Integrity
SP 3.1 Establish Configuration Management Records
SP 3.2 Perform Configuration Audits




= Decision Analysis and Resolution (DAR)

=
A Support process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Decision Analysis and Resolution (DAR) is to analyze possible decisions using a formal evaluation process that evaluates identified alternatives against established criteria.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Evaluate Alternatives
SP 1.1 Establish Guidelines for Decision Analysis
SP 1.2 Establish Evaluation Criteria
SP 1.3 Identify Alternative Solutions
SP 1.4 Select Evaluation Methods
SP 1.5 Evaluate Alternative Solutions
SP 1.6 Select Solutions




= Integrated Project Management (IPM)

=
A Project Management process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Integrated Project Management (IPM) is to establish and manage the project and the involvement of relevant stakeholders according to an integrated and defined process that is tailored from the organization's set of standard processes.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Use the Project's Defined Process
SP 1.1 Establish the Project's Defined Process
SP 1.2 Use Organizational Process Assets for Planning Project Activities
SP 1.3 Establish the Project's Work Environment
SP 1.4 Integrate Plans
SP 1.5 Manage the Project Using the Integrated Plans
SP 1.6 Establish Teams
SP 1.7 Contribute to Organizational Process Assets
SG 2 Coordinate and Collaborate with Relevant Stakeholders
SP 2.1 Manage Stakeholder Involvement
SP 2.2 Manage Dependencies
SP 2.3 Resolve Coordination Issues




= Measurement and Analysis (MA)

=
A Support process area at Maturity Level 2
Purpose
The purpose of Measurement and Analysis (MA) is to develop and sustain a measurement capability used to support management information needs.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Align Measurement and Analysis Activities
SP 1.1 Establish Measurement Objectives
Resources, People, Facilities and Techniques.
SP 1.2 Specify Measures
Information Needs Document, Guidance, Reference and Reporting.
SP 1.3 Specify Data Collection and Storage Procedures
Sources, Methods, Frequency and Owners.
SP 1.4 Specify Analysis Procedures
Rules, Alarms, SPC and Variance.
SG 2 Provide Measurement Results
SP 2.1 Obtain Measurement Data
Actual, Plan, Automatic and Manual.
SP 2.2 Analyze Measurement Data
Evaluate, Drill Down, RCA.
SP 2.3 Store Data and Results
Store, Secure, Accessible, History and Evidence.
SP 2.4 Communicate Results
Information Sharing, Dash Boards, Up to Date, Simple and Interpret.




= Organizational Process Definition (OPD)

=
A Process Management process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Organizational Process Definition (OPD) is to establish and maintain a usable set of organizational process assets, work environment standards, and rules and guidelines for teams.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Establish Organizational Process Assets
SP 1.1 Establish Standard Processes
SP 1.2 Establish Lifecycle Model Descriptions
SP 1.3 Establish Tailoring Criteria and Guidelines
SP 1.4 Establish the Organization's Measurement Repository
SP 1.5 Establish the Organization's Process Asset Library
SP 1.6 Establish Work Environment Standards
SP 1.7 Establish Rules and Guidelines for Teams




= Organizational Process Focus (OPF)

=
A Process Management process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Organizational Process Focus (OPF) is to plan, implement, and deploy organizational process improvements based on a thorough understanding of current strengths and weaknesses of the organization's processes and process assets.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Determine Process Improvement Opportunities
SP 1.1 Establish Organizational Process Needs
SP 1.2 Appraise the Organization's Processes
SP 1.3 Identify the Organization's Process Improvements
SG 2 Plan and Implement Process Improvements
SP 2.1 Establish Process Action Plans
SP 2.2 Implement Process Action Plans
SG 3 Deploy Organizational Process Assets and Incorporate Experiences
SP 3.1 Deploy Organizational Process Assets
SP 3.2 Deploy Standard Processes
SP 3.3 Monitor the Implementation
SP 3.4 Incorporate Experiences into Organizational Process Assets




= Organizational Performance Management (OPM) / Organizational Innovation and Deployment

=
A Process Management process area at Maturity Level 5
Purpose
The purpose of Organizational Performance Management (OPM) is to proactively manage the organization's performance to meet its business objectives.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Manage Business Performance
SP 1.1 Maintain Business Objectives
SP 1.2 Analyze Process Performance Data
SP 1.3 Identify Potential Areas for Improvement
SG 2 Select Improvements
SP 2.1 Elicit Suggested Improvements
SP 2.2 Analyze Suggested Improvements
SP 2.3 Validate Improvements
SP 2.4 Select and Implement Improvements for Deployment
SG 3 Deploy Improvements
SP 3.1 Plan the Deployment
SP 3.2 Manage the Deployment
SP 3.3 Evaluate Improvement Effects




= Organizational Process Performance (OPP)

=
A Process Management process area at Maturity Level 4
Purpose
The purpose of Organizational Process Performance (OPP) is to establish and maintain a quantitative understanding of the performance of selected processes in the organization's set of standard processes in support of achieving quality and process performance objectives, and to provide process performance data, baselines, and models to quantitatively manage the organization's projects.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Establish Performance Baselines and Models
SP 1.1 Establish Quality and Process Performance Objectives
SP 1.2 Select Processes
SP 1.3 Establish Process Performance Measures
SP 1.4 Analyze Process Performance and Establish Process Performance Baselines
SP 1.5 Establish Process Performance Models




= Organizational Training (OT)

=
A Process Management process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Organizational Training (OT) is to develop skills and knowledge of people so they can perform their roles effectively and efficiently.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Establish an Organizational Training Capability
SP 1.1 Establish Strategic Training Needs
SP 1.2 Determine Which Training Needs Are the Responsibility of the Organization
SP 1.3 Establish an Organizational Training Tactical Plan
SP 1.4 Establish a Training Capability
SG 2 Provide Training
SP 2.1 Deliver Training
SP 2.2 Establish Training Records
SP 2.3 Assess Training Effectiveness




= Product Integration (PI)

=
An Engineering process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Product Integration (PI) is to assemble the product from the product components, ensure that the product, as integrated, behaves properly (i.e., possesses the required functionality and quality attributes), and deliver the product.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Prepare for Product Integration
SP 1.1 Establish an Integration Strategy
SP 1.2 Establish the Product Integration Environment
SP 1.3 Establish Product Integration Procedures and Criteria
SG 2 Ensure Interface Compatibility
SP 2.1 Review Interface Descriptions for Completeness
SP 2.2 Manage Interfaces
SG 3 Assemble Product Components and Deliver the Product
SP 3.1 Confirm Readiness of Product Components for Integration
SP 3.2 Assemble Product Components
SP 3.3 Evaluate Assembled Product Components
SP 3.4 Package and Deliver the Product or Product Component




= Project Monitoring and Control (PMC)

=
A Project Management process area at Maturity Level 2
Purpose
The purpose of Project Monitoring and Control (PMC) is to provide an understanding of the project's progress so that appropriate corrective actions can be taken when the project's performance deviates significantly from the plan.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Monitor the Project Against the Plan
SP 1.1 Monitor Project Planning Parameters
SP 1.2 Monitor Commitments
SP 1.3 Monitor Project Risks
SP 1.4 Monitor Data Management
SP 1.5 Monitor Stakeholder Involvement
SP 1.6 Conduct Progress Reviews
SP 1.7 Conduct Milestone Reviews
SG 2 Manage Corrective Action to Closure
SP 2.1 Analyze Issues
SP 2.2 Take Corrective Action
SP 2.3 Manage Corrective Actions




= Project Planning (PP)

=
A Project Management process area at Maturity Level 2
Purpose
The purpose of Project Planning (PP) is to establish and maintain plans that define project activities.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Establish Estimates
SP 1.1 Estimate the Scope of the Project
SP 1.2 Establish Estimates of Work Product and Task Attributes
SP 1.3 Define Project Lifecycle Phases
SP 1.4 Estimate Effort and Cost
SG 2 Develop a Project Plan
SP 2.1 Establish the Budget and Schedule
SP 2.2 Identify Project Risks
SP 2.3 Plan Data Management
SP 2.4 Plan the Project's Resources
SP 2.5 Plan Needed Knowledge and Skills
SP 2.6 Plan Stakeholder Involvement
SP 2.7 Establish the Project Plan
SG 3 Obtain Commitment to the Plan
SP 3.1 Review Plans that Affect the Project
SP 3.2 Reconcile Work and Resource Levels
SP 3.3 Obtain Plan Commitment




= Process and Product Quality Assurance (PPQA)

=
A Support process area at Maturity Level 2
Purpose
The purpose of Process and Product Quality Assurance (PPQA) is to provide staff and management with objective insight into processes and associated work products.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Objectively Evaluate Processes and Work Products
SP 1.1 Objectively Evaluate Processes
SP 1.2 Objectively Evaluate Work Products
SG 2 Provide Objective Insight
SP 2.1 Communicate and Resolve Noncompliance Issues
SP 2.2 Establish Records.




= Quantitative Project Management (QPM)

=
A Project Management process area at Maturity Level 4
Purpose
The purpose of the Quantitative Project Management (QPM) process area is to quantitatively manage the project to achieve the project's established quality and process performance objectives.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Prepare for Quantitative Management
SP 1.1 Establish the Project's Objectives
SP 1.2 Compose the Defined Processes
SP 1.3 Select Subprocesses and Attributes
SP 1.4 Select Measures and Analytic Techniques
SG 2 Quantitatively Manage the Project
SP 2.1 Monitor the Performance of Selected Subprocesses
SP 2.2 Manage Project Performance
SP 2.3 Perform Root Cause Analysis




= Requirements Development (RD)

=
An Engineering process area at Maturity Level 3.
Purpose
The purpose of Requirements Development (RD) is to elicit, analyze, and establish customer, product, and product component requirements.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Develop Customer Requirements
SP 1.1 Elicit Needs
SP 1.2 Transform Stakeholder Needs into Customer Requirements
SG 2 Develop Product Requirements
SP 2.1 Establish Product and Product Component Requirements
SP 2.2 Allocate Product Component Requirements
SP 2.3 Identify Interface Requirements
SG 3 Analyze and Validate Requirements
SP 3.1 Establish Operational Concepts and Scenarios
SP 3.2 Establish a Definition of Required Functionality and Quality Attributes
SP 3.3 Analyze Requirements
SP 3.4 Analyze Requirements to Achieve Balance
SP 3.5 Validate Requirements




= Requirements Management (REQM)

=
A Project Management process area at Maturity Level 2
Purpose
The purpose of Requirements Management (REQM) is to manage requirements of the project's products and product components and to ensure alignment between those requirements and the project's plans and work products.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Manage Requirements
SP 1.1 Understand Requirements
SP 1.2 Obtain Commitment to Requirements
SP 1.3 Manage Requirements Changes
SP 1.4 Maintain Bidirectional Traceability of Requirements
SP 1.5 Ensure Alignment Between Project Work and Requirements




= Risk Management (RSKM)

=
A Project Management process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Risk Management (RSKM) is to identify potential problems before they occur so that risk handling activities can be planned and invoked as needed across the life of the product or project to mitigate adverse impacts on achieving objectives.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Prepare for Risk Management
SP 1.1 Determine Risk Sources and Categories
SP 1.2 Define Risk Parameters
SP 1.3 Establish a Risk Management Strategy
SG 2 Identify and Analyze Risks
SP 2.1 Identify Risks
SP 2.2 Evaluate, Categorize, and Prioritize Risks
SG 3 Mitigate Risks
SP 3.1 Develop Risk Mitigation Plans
SP 3.2 Implement Risk Mitigation Plans




= Supplier Agreement Management (SAM)

=
A Project Management process area at Maturity Level 2
Purpose
The purpose of Supplier Agreement Management (SAM) is to manage the acquisition of products from suppliers.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Establish Supplier Agreements
SP 1.1 Determine Acquisition Type
SP 1.2 Select Suppliers
SP 1.3 Establish Supplier Agreements
SG 2 Satisfy Supplier Agreements
SP 2.1 Execute the Supplier Agreement
SP 2.2 Accept the Acquired Product
SP 2.3 Ensure Transition of Products




= Technical Solution (TS)

=
An Engineering process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Technical Solution (TS) is to select design and implement solutions to requirements. Solutions, designs, and implementations encompass products, product components, and product related lifecycle processes either singly or in combination as appropriate.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Select Product Component Solutions
SP 1.1 Develop Alternative Solutions and Selection Criteria
SP 1.2 Select Product Component Solutions
SG 2 Develop the Design
SP 2.1 Design the Product or Product Component
SP 2.2 Establish a Technical Data Package
SP 2.3 Design Interfaces Using Criteria
SP 2.4 Perform Make, Buy or Reuse Analyses
SG 3 Implement the Product Design
SP 3.1 Implement the Design
SP 3.2 Develop Product Support Documentation




= Validation (VAL)

=
An Engineering process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Validation (VAL) is to demonstrate that a product or product component fulfills its intended use when placed in its intended environment.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Prepare for Validation
SP 1.1 Select Products for Validation
SP 1.2 Establish the Validation Environment
SP 1.3 Establish Validation Procedures and Criteria
SG 2 Validate Product or Product Components
SP 2.1 Perform Validation
SP 2.2 Analyze Validation Results




= Verification (VER)

=
An Engineering process area at Maturity Level 3
Purpose
The purpose of Verification (VER) is to ensure that selected work products meet their specified requirements.
Specific Practices by Goal

SG 1 Prepare for Verification
SP 1.1 Select Work Products for Verification
SP 1.2 Establish the Verification Environment
SP 1.3 Establish Verification Procedures and Criteria
SG 2 Perform Peer Reviews
SP 2.1 Prepare for Peer Reviews
SP 2.2 Conduct Peer Reviews
SP 2.3 Analyze Peer Review Data
SG 3 Verify Selected Work Products
SP 3.1 Perform Verification
SP 3.2 Analyze Verification Results




Changes made in Version 1.2


Only changes made to the set of Process Areas are considered here. For more information about the changes made to Version 1.2, see the Version 1.2 Release Notes or for the definitive list of changes, take the CMMI Version 1.2 Upgrade Training.

The following Process Areas have been removed (all on Maturity Level 3):
Organisational Environment for Integration (OEI)
Integrated Teaming (IT)
Integrated Supplier Management (ISM)
The following additions have been made within existing Process Areas:
IPM – SG3 and SG4 were eliminated, new SG3 was added (as an IPPD addition)
OPD – SG2 was added (as an IPPD addition)
OPF – two SPs were extracted from the old SG3 and combined with two new SPs to create the new SG3
REQD – SP3.5 was renamed Validate Requirements
SAM – SP2.1 was eliminated, two new SPs added in SG2
TS – SP1.2 was incorporated into RD SP 3.1
VER – SP3.2 was renamed Analyze Verification Results




Changes made in Version 1.3


Some significant improvements in CMMI-DEV, V1.3 include the following:

High maturity process areas are significantly improved to reflect industry best practices, including a new specific goal and several new specific practices in the process area that was renamed from Organizational Innovation and Deployment (OID) to Organizational Performance Management (OPM).
Agile practices have been included with an interpretation guideline and by adding notes to the applicable process areas in the introduction of the process area and on how to interpret agile practices.
Improvements were made to the model architecture that simplify the use of multiple models.
Informative material was improved, including revising the engineering practices to reflect industry best practice and adding guidance for organizations that use Agile methods.
Glossary definitions and model terminology were improved to enhance the clarity, accuracy, and usability of the model.
Level 4 and 5 generic goals and practices were eliminated as well as capability levels 4 and 5 to appropriately focus high maturity on the achievement of business objectives, which is accomplished by applying capability level 1-3 to the high maturity process areas (Causal Analysis and Resolution, Quantitative Project Management, Organizational Performance Management, and Organizational Process Performance).
For a more complete and detailed list of improvements, see http://www.sei.cmu.edu/cmmi/tools/cmmiv1-3/comparison.cfm. An overview of the changes is described in http://www.benlinders.com/2011/cmmi-v1-3-summing-up/. Elevate your business with CMMI Certification Gain global recognition and optimise your organisational processes.




Process Areas, Categories, and Maturity Levels


Table: Process Areas, Categories, and Maturity Levels




References






Official sources


Capability Maturity Model
Capability Maturity Model Integration




Further reading


CMMI Product Team (November 2010). "CMMI for Development, Version 1.3" (PDF). Technical Report CMU/SEI-2010-TR-033. Software Engineering Institute. Retrieved Feb 16, 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Chrissis, Mary Beth; Mike Konrad; Sandy Shrum (Feb 16, 2011). CMMI: Guidelines for Process Integration and Product Improvement (Third ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 978-0-321-71150-2.

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• CMMI
• Process area (CMMI)
• Capability Maturity Model Integration
• Capability Maturity Model
• Software development process
• ISO/IEC 15504
• Software Engineering Institute
• Quality management
• Incident management (ITSM)
• LeanCMMI
• Requirements management