- Source: Queen consort
A queen consort is the wife of a reigning king, and usually shares her spouse's social rank and status. She holds the feminine equivalent of the king's monarchical titles and may be crowned and anointed, but historically she does not formally share the king's political and military powers, unless on occasion acting as regent.
In contrast, a queen regnant is a female monarch who rules suo jure (Latin for, "in her own right") and usually becomes queen by inheriting the throne upon the death of the previous monarch.
A queen dowager is a widowed queen consort, and a queen mother is a queen dowager who is the mother of the current monarch.
Titles
When a title other than king is held by the sovereign, his wife can be referred to by the feminine equivalent, such as princess consort or empress consort.
In monarchies where polygamy has been practised in the past (such as Morocco and Thailand), or is practised today (such as the Zulu nation and the various Yoruba polities), the number of the king's wives and their status varies. In Morocco, King Mohammed VI has broken with tradition and given his wife, Lalla Salma, the title of princess; prior to his reign, the Moroccan monarchy had no such title. In Thailand, the king and queen must both be of royal descent; his other consorts need not be royal before marriage to him but are accorded royal titles that confer status. A Zulu chieftain designates one of his wives as "Great Wife", an equivalent to queen consort.
The situation is more complex in Yorubaland. All of a chief's consorts are essentially of equal rank. Although one wife, usually the one married to the chief for the longest time, may be given a chieftaincy of her own to highlight her relatively higher status compared to the other wives, she does not share her husband's ritual power as a chieftain. When a woman is to be vested with an authority similar to that of the chief, she is usually a lady courtier in his service who, although not married to him, is expected to lead his female subjects on his behalf.
In the Ottoman Empire, haseki sultan (Ottoman Turkish: حاصكي سلطان; Ḫāṣekī Sulṭān; Turkish pronunciation: [haseˈci suɫˈtaːn]) was the title held by the lawful wife and imperial consort of the sultan. The title was first used in the 16th century by Hurrem Sultan, wife of Suleiman the Magnificent, replacing the previous title of "Baş Kadın ("Head Lady"). The bearer of the title occupied the second most important position in the Ottoman Empire for a female after valide sultan (queen mother).
While the wife of a king is usually given the title of queen, there is much less consistency for the husband of a reigning queen. The title of king consort is rare. Examples are Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in Scotland and Francis, Duke of Cádiz, in Spain. Antoine of Bourbon-Vendôme in Navarre and Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in Portugal also gained the title. In Portugal, because of the practice of jure uxoris, both King Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha and his predecessor, King Pedro of Portugal, were treated as ruling kings in protocol and were thus symbolically co-rulers with their wives, but both really had only the same power of a consort and the queen was the real ruler.
The title of prince consort for the husband of a reigning queen is more common. The monarchies that adopted this title did so because the title of king is usually historically higher than queen, so when the sovereign is female, her husband should never have a higher title than her. An example is Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He married Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom; because she insisted that he be given a title identifying his status, he became Albert, Prince Consort.
Role
The traditional historiography on queenship has created an image of a queen who is a king's "helpmate" and provider of heirs. They had power within the royal household and partially within the court. Their duty was running the royal household smoothly, such as directing the children's education, supervising the staff, and managing the private royal treasury. They unofficially acted as hostesses, ensuring the royal family was not involved in scandals and giving gifts to high-ranking officials in a society where this was important to maintain bonds. As a result, consorts were expected to act as wise, loyal, and chaste women.
Some royal consorts of foreign origin have served as cultural transmitters. Due to their unique position of being reared in one culture and then, when very young, promised into marriage in another land with a different culture, they have served as a cultural bridge between nations. Based on their journals, diaries, and other autobiographical or historical accounts, some exchanged and introduced new forms of art, music, religion, and fashion.
However, the consorts of monarchs have no official political power per se, even when their position is constitutionally or statutorily recognized. They often held an informal sort of power dependent on the opportunities afforded to them. Should a queen consort have had an amiable personality and high intelligence, produced a healthy heir, and gained the favor of the court, then chances were higher she would gain more power over time. Many royal consorts have been shrewd or ambitious stateswomen and, usually (but not always) unofficially, among the monarch's most trusted advisors. In some cases, the royal consort has been the chief power behind her husband's throne, e.g., Maria Luisa of Parma, wife of Charles IV of Spain. At other times the consort of a deceased monarch (the dowager queen or queen mother) has served as regent if her child, the successor to the throne, was still a minor:
Queen Regent Anne of Kiev, wife of Philip I of France
Queen Regent Jeonghui, grandmother of King Seongjong of Korea
Queen Regent Munjeong, mother of King Myeongjong of Korea
Queen Regent Sunwon, grandmother of King Heonjong of Korea
Grand Princess Regent Olga of Kiev, mother of Sviatoslav I of Kiev
Grand Princess Regent Elena Glinskaya, mother of Ivan IV of Russia
Queen Regent Mary of Guise, mother of Mary, Queen of Scots
Queen Regent Catherine of Austria, grandmother of King Sebastian of Portugal
Queen Regent Marie de' Medici, mother of Louis XIII of France
Queen Regent Anne, mother of Louis XIV of France
Queen Regent Luisa de Guzmán, mother of Afonso VI of Portugal
Rani Lakshmi Bai, mother of Raja Damodar Rao of Jhansi
Queen Regent Maria Christina of Austria, mother of Alfonso XIII of Spain
Queen Regent Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, mother of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
Queen Regent Anna Khanum, mother of Abbas II of Persia
Queen Regent Helen of Greece, mother of Michael I of Romania
Similarly, in several cases in Siam (now Thailand) the queen consort was named regent during an extended absence of the king:
Queen Regent Saovabha Phongsri, wife of King Chulalongkorn of Siam, served as Regent during his tour of Europe
Queen Regent Sirikit, wife of King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand, served as Regent during her husband's extended retreat
Examples of queens and empresses consort
Past queens consort:
Queen Sindeok, consort of Taejo of Joseon
Queen Jeongan, consort of Jeongjong of Joseon
Queen Wongyeong, consort of Taejong of Joseon
Queen Soheon, consort of Sejong the Great of Joseon
Queen Jeongsun, consort of Danjong of Joseon
Queen Inseong, consort of Injong of Joseon
Queen Uiin, first consort of Seonjo of Joseon
Queen Inmok, second of Seonjo of Joseon
Queen Inyeol, first consort of Injo of Joseon
Queen Jangnyeol, second consort of Injo of Joseon
Queen Inseon, consort of Hyojong of Joseon
Queen Myeongseong, consort of Hyeonjong of Joseon
Queen Ingyeong, first consort of Sukjong of Joseon
Queen Jang, principal consort of Sukjong of Joseon. Demoted back in 1694 to the rank of hui-bin, Royal Noble Consort Joseon rank 1
Queen Jeongseong, first consort of Yeongjo of Joseon
Queen Hyoui, consort of Jeongjo of Joseon
Queen Hyohyeon, first consort Heonjong of Joseon
Queen Maria Theresa, consort of Louis XIV of France
Queen Marie Leszczyńska, consort of Louis XV of France
Queen Marie Antoinette, consort of Louis XVI of France
Queen Caroline, consort of George II
Queen Charlotte was George III's consort for 57 years, 70 days, between 1761 and 1818, making her Britain's longest-tenured queen consort.
Queen Caroline, consort of George IV
Queen Adelaide, consort of William IV
Queen Alexandra, consort of Edward VII
Queen Mary, consort of George V
Queen Elizabeth, consort of George VI
Queen Nguyễn Hữu Thị Lan, consort of Bảo Đại
Queen Victoria, consort of Gustaf V of Sweden
Queen Louise, consort of Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden
Queen Louise, consort of Christian IX of Denmark
Queen Louise, consort of Frederick VIII of Denmark
Queen Alexandrine, consort Christian X of Denmark
Queen Ingrid, consort of Frederik IX of Denmark
Queen Louise, consort of Leopold I of Belgium
Queen Marie, consort of Leopold II of Belgium
Queen Elisabeth, consort of Albert I of Belgium
Queen Astrid, consort of Leopold III of Belgium
Queen Fabiola, consort of Baudouin of Belgium
Queen Paola, consort of Albert II of Belgium
Queen Sofía, consort of Juan Carlos I of Spain
Queen Anne Marie, consort of Constantine II of Greece
Queen Geraldine, consort of Zog I of Albania
Queen Marie José, consort of Umberto II of Italy
Queen Kapiolani, consort of King Kalākaua of Hawaiʻi
Queen Soraya Tarzi, principal consort of King Amanullah Khan of Afghanistan
Tsaritsa Ioanna, consort of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria
Queen Elizabeth, consort of Henry VII of England
Ranee Sylvia Brett, consort of Vyner Brooke of The Raj of Sarawak
Queen Catherine, first consort of Henry VIII of England. She was also regent in times of war.
Queen Anne, second consort of Henry VIII of England. She gave birth to the future Elizabeth I, who was the last monarch of House of Tudor.
Queen Jane, third consort of Henry VIII of England.
Queen Anne, fourth consort of Henry VIII of England
Queen Catherine, fifth consort of Henry VIII of England
Queen Catherine, sixth consort of Henry VIII of England
Queen Anne, consort of James I of England
Queen Henrietta Maria, consort of Charles I of England
Queen Cattherine, consort of Charles II of England
Queen Mary, consort of James II of England
Queen Halaevalu Mata'aho, consort of Tāufa'āhau Tupou IV, Tu'i of Tonga.
Queen Hortense, consort of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland
Queen Bahiyah, consort of Abdul Halim of Kedah
Queen Haminah, consort of Abdul Halim of Kedah
Queen Siti Aishah, consort of Salahuddin of Selangor
Queen Najihah, consort of Ja'afar of Negeri Sembilan
Queen Bainun, consort of Azlan Shah of Perak
Queen Zanariah, consort of Iskandar of Johor
Queen Sisowath Kossamak, consort of King Norodom Suramarit of Cambodia
Queen Norodom Monineath, consort of King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia
Queen Wilhelmine, consort of William I of the Netherlands
Queen Anna Pavlovna, consort of William II of the Netherlands
Queen Sophie, first consort of William III of the Netherlands
Queen Emma, second consort of William III of the Netherlands: When William died on 23 November 1890, Emma became regent (1890–1898) for her underaged daughter, Wilhelmina, the late king's only surviving child.
Queen Maud, consort of King Haakon VII of Norway. She was also simultaneously a princess of the United Kingdom.
Queen Ratna, second consort of Mahendra of Nepal
Queen Sunanda Kumariratana, consort of King Chulalongkorn of Siam.
Queen Savang Vadhana, consort of King Chulalongkorn of Siam. She was also grandmother of the King Ananda Mahidol and Great King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand.
Queen Sukhumala Marasri, consort of King Chulalongkorn of Siam.
Queen Saovabha Phongsri, consort of King Chulalongkorn of Siam, mother of the King Prajadhipok of Siam.
Queen Rambai Barni, consort of King Prajadhipok of Thailand
Queen Sirikit, consort of Great King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand
Queen Supayalat, chief consort of King Thibaw Min, the last King of Burma
Queen Supayalay, consort of King Thibaw Min, the last King of Burma
Queen Ruth, consort (or Mohumagadi) of Seretse Khama, King of the Bamangwato Tswanas of Botswana
Queen Mantfombi, principal consort (or Inkosikazi Enkhulu) of Goodwill Zwelithini of Zululand, South Africa. She was also simultaneously a princess of Eswatini
Queen Kosala Devi, chief consort of Bimbisara, the first King of the Haryanka dynasty.
Queen Vajira, chief consort of Ajatshatru, the second king of the Haryanka dynasty.
Queen Devi, a consort of Ashoka, the third Mauryan emperor
Queen Karuvaki, second consort of Ashoka, the third Mauryan emperor
Queen Padmavati, third consort of Ashoka, the third Mauryan emperor
Past empresses consort:
Empress Theodora, consort of Justinian I, East Roman Emperor
Empress Aelia Sophia, consort of Justin II of the Byzantine Empire
Empress Wu, consort of Gaozong of Tang
Empress Wang, consort of Gaozong of Tang
Empress Chabi, chief wife of Kublai Khan, Emperor of Yuan dynasty
Empress Nambui, principal consort of Kublai Khan, Emperor of Yuan dynasty
Empress Danashri, principal consort of Toghon Temür, Emperor of Yuan dynasty
Empress Bayan Khutugh, principal consort of Toghon Temür, Emperor of Yuan dynasty
Empress Gi, principal consort of Toghon Temür, Emperor of Yuan dynasty
Empress Xiaocigao, principal consort of Hongwu Emperor from the Ming dynasty
Empress Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, principal chief consort and first wife of Akbar the Great, the third Mughal Emperor
Empress Salima Sultan Begum, principal consort and third wife of Akbar the Great
Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani, principal chief consort of Akbar the Great, the third Mughal Emperor
Empress Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani, principal consort of Jahangir, the fourth Mughal Emperor
Empress Nur Jahan, principal chief consort of Jahangir, the fourth Mughal Emperor
Empress Mumtaz Mahal, principal chief consort of Shah Jahan, the fifth Mughal Emperor
Empress Isabella of Portugal, consort of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. She was the regent of the Spanish Empire.
Haseki Sultan Hürrem Sultan, principal chief consort and legal wife of Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
Haseki Sultan Nurbanu Sultan, principal chief consort and legal wife of Selim II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Haseki Sultan Safiye Sultan, principal chief consort and legal wife of Murad III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Haseki Sultan Kösem Sultan, principal chief consort of Ahmed I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
Haseki Sultan Turhan Sultan, principal consort of Ibrahim, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Haseki Sultan Gulnus Sultan, principal consort of Mehmed IV, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Kadinefendi Nakşidil Sultan, consort of Abdul Hamid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Kadinefendi Bezmialem Sultan, consort of Mahmud II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Kadinefendi Pertevniyal Sultan, consort of Mahmud II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Kadinefendi Sevkefza Sultan, consort of Abdulmejid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Kadinefendi Tirimujgan Sultan, consort of Abdulmejid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Kadinefendi Perestu Sultan, consort of Abdulmejid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, consort of Francis I, Holy Roman Empire.
Empress Ana María Huarte, consort of Agustín I of Mexico, Emperor of Mexico.
Titular Empress Carlota Joaquina of Spain, consort of John VI of Portugal, Titular Emperor of Brazil
Empress Carlota of Mexico, consort of Maximilian I of Mexico, Emperor of Mexico.
Empress Maria Leopoldina, consort of Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil
Empress Amélie, consort of Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil
Empress Teresa Cristina, consort of Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil
Empress Myeongseong, first principal wife of Gojong, the first emperor of the Korean Empire
Empress Eugénie, consort of Napoleon III, Emperor of the French
Empress Augusta Victoria, consort of Wilhelm II
Empress Elisabeth, consort of Franz Joseph I
Empress Xiaojingxian, primary consort of Yongzheng, Qing Emperor
Empress Xiaoxianchun, principal consort of Qianlong, Qing Emperor
Step Empress Nara, secondary consort of Qianlong, Qing Emperor
Empress Xiaoshurui, principal consort of Jiaqing, Qing Emperor
Empress Xiaoherui, secondary consort of Jiaqing, Qing Emperor
Empress Xiao Zhen Xian, principal consort of Xianfeng, Qing Emperor
Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, consort of Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia
Empress Durdhara, principal chief consort of Chandragupta Maurya, first Maurya emperor
Empress Crown Prince Sushima Mother, principal chief consort of Bindusara, Second Mauryan emperor
Empress Shubhadrangi, chief consort of Bindusara, Second Mauryan emperor
Empress Asandhimitra, first principal chief consort (or Agramahishi) of Ashoka, third Mauryan emperor
Empress Tishyaraksha, last principal chief consort of Ashoka, third Mauryan emperor
Empress Michiko, consort of Emperor Akihito of Japan
Current queens consort:
Queen Zarith Sofiah, consort of Ibrahim Iskandar of Malaysia
Queen Camilla, consort of Charles III of the United Kingdom
Queen Jetsun Pema, consort of Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck of Bhutan
Queen Letizia, consort of Felipe VI of Spain
Queen 'Masenate, consort of Letsie III of Lesotho
Queen Mary, consort of Frederik X of Denmark
Queen Mathilde, consort of Philippe of Belgium
Queen Máxima, consort of Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands
Queen Nanasipauʻu Tukuʻaho, consort of Tupou VI of Tonga
Queen Rania, consort of Abdullah II of Jordan
Queen Saleha, consort of Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei Darussalam
Queen Silvia, consort of Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
Queen Sonja, consort of Harald V of Norway
Queen Suthida, consort of Vajiralongkorn of Thailand
Current empress consort:
Empress Masako, consort of Emperor Naruhito of Japan
Current queens consort in federal monarchies
Queen Nur Zahirah, consort of Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu
Queen Fauziah, consort of Sirajuddin of Perlis
Queen Norashikin, consort of Sharafuddin of Selangor
Queen Aishah Rohani, consort of Muhriz of Negeri Sembilan
Queen Zarith Sofiah, consort of Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor
Queen Nur Diana Petra, consort of Muhammad V of Kelantan
Queen Zara Salim, consort of Nazrin Shah of Perak
Queen Maliha, consort of Sallehuddin of Kedah
Queen Azizah, consort of Abdullah of Pahang
Because queens consort lack an ordinal with which to distinguish between them, many historical texts and encyclopedias refer to deceased consorts by their premarital (or maiden) name or title, not by their marital royal title (examples: Queen Mary, consort of George V, is usually called Mary of Teck, and Queen Maria José, consort of Umberto II of Italy, is usually called Marie José of Belgium).
See also
References
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