• Source: Silylation

Silylation is the introduction of one or more (usually) substituted silyl groups (R3Si) to a molecule. Silylations are core methods for production of organosilicon chemistry. Silanization involves similar methods but usually refers to attachment of silyl groups to solids.




Of organic compounds



Alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines, thiols, and phosphates can be silylated. This is done through an SN2 reaction as the formerly mentioned functional groups attack the silicon atom of a substituted silyl group causing it's leaving group to go into solution. The mechanism involves the replacement of a proton or an anion with a trialkylsilyl group, typically trimethylsilyl (-SiMe3), as illustrated by the synthesis of a trimethylsilyl ethers from alcohols and trimethylsilyl chloride (Me = CH3):

ROH + Me3SiCl → ROSiMe3 + HCl
Generally a base is employed to absorb the HCl coproduct.
Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide ("BSA", Me3SiNC(OSiMe3)Me is an efficient silylation agent. The reaction of BSA with alcohols gives the corresponding trimethylsilyl ether, together with acetamide as a byproduct (Me = CH3):

2 ROH + MeC(OSiMe3)NSiMe3 → MeC(O)NH2 + 2 ROSiMe3




Use of silylation


Silylation has two main uses: manipulation of functional groups and preparation of samples for analysis.




= Manipulation of functional groups

=
Silylation is often employed as a protecting group for alcohols and amines. The products after silylation, namely silyl ethers and silyl amines, are resilient toward basic conditions. The other main role of silylation is to trap silyl enol ethers, which represent a reactive tautomer of many carbonyl compounds.




= Silylation for analysis

=
The introduction of a silyl group(s) gives derivatives of enhanced volatility, making the derivatives suitable for analysis by gas chromatography and electron-impact mass spectrometry (EI-MS). For EI-MS, the silyl derivatives give more favorable diagnostic fragmentation patterns of use in structure investigations, or characteristic ions of use in trace analyses employing selected ion monitoring and related techniques.




= Desilylation

=
Desilylation is the reverse of silylation: the silyl group is exchanged for a proton. Various fluoride salts (e.g. sodium, potassium, tetra-n-butylammonium fluorides) are popular for this purpose.

ROSiMe3 + F− + H2O → ROH + FSiMe3 + OH−




Of metals



Coordination complexes with silyl ligands are well known. An early example is CpFe(CO)2Si(CH3)3, prepared by silylation of CpFe(CO)2Na with trimethylsilyl chloride. Typical routes include oxidative addition of Si-H bonds to low-valent metals. Metal silyl complexes are intermediates in hydrosilation, a process used to make organosilicon compounds on both laboratory and commercial scales.




See also


Silyl ether
Hydrosilylation




References






External links


Identification of Silylation Artifacts in Derivatization Reactions for Gas Chromatography
Desilylation methods

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Silylation
• Trimethylsilyl chloride
• Bis(trimethylsilyl)amine
• Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide
• Zinc triflate
• BSTFA
• Silanization
• Enol
• Synthesis of nucleosides
• Tert-Butyloxycarbonyl protecting group