- Source: Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962)
The taxonomy of the vertebrates presented by John Zachary Young in The Life of Vertebrates (1962) is a system of classification with emphasis on this group of animals.
Phylum Chordata
Phylum Chordata [p. 24]
Subphylum 1. Hemichordata (e.g., Balanoglossus, Cephalodiscus, Rhabdopleura)
Subphylum 2. Cephalochordata (= Acrania) (e.g., Branchiostoma)
Subphylum 3. Tunicata (e.g., Ciona)
Subphylum 4. Vertebrata (= Craniata)
Superclass 1. Agnatha
Class 1. Cyclostomata
Class 2. †Cephalaspidomorphi (e.g., †Cephalaspis)
Class 3. †Pteraspidomorphi (e.g., †Pteraspis)
Class 4. †Anaspida (e.g., †Birkenia, †Jamoytius)
Superclass 2. Gnathostomata
Class 1. †Placodermi (e.g., †Acanthodes)
Class 2. Elasmobranchii
Class 3. Actinopterygii
Class 4. Crossopterygii
Class 5. Amphibia
Class 6. Reptilia
Class 7. Aves
Class 8. Mammalia
= Subphylum Vertebrata (= Craniata)
=Superclass Agnatha
Subphylum Vertebrata (= Craniata)
Superclass 1. Agnatha [p. 81]
Class 1. Cyclostomata
Order 1. Petromyzontia (e.g., Petromyzon, Lampetra, Entosphenus, Geotria, Mordacia)
Order 2. Myxinoidea (e.g., Myxine, Bdellostoma)
Class 2. †Osteostraci (e.g., †Cephalaspis, †Tremataspis)
Class 3. †Anaspida (e.g., †Birkenia, †Jamoytius)
Class 4. †Heterostraci (e.g., †Astraspis, †Pteraspis, †Drepanaspis)
Class 5. †Coelolepida (e.g., †Thelodus, †Lanarkia)
Superclass Gnathostomata
= Class Elasmobranchii =
Superclass 2. Gnathostomata
Class Elasmobranchii (= Chondrichthyes) [p. 175]
Subclass 1. Selachii
Order 1. †Cladoselachii (e.g., †Cladoselache, †Goodrichia)
Order 2. †Pleuracanthodii (e.g., †Pleuracanthus)
Order 3. Protoselachii (e.g., †Hybodiis, Heterodontus)
Order 4. Euselachii
Suborder 1. Pleurotremata
Division 1. Notidanoidea (e.g., Hexanchus, Chlamydoselache)
Division 2. Galeoidea (e.g., Scyliorhinus, Mustelus, Cetorhinus, Carcharodon)
Division 3. Squaloidea (e.g., Squalus, Squatina, Pristiophorus, Alopias)
Suborder 2. Hypotremata (e.g., Raja, Rhinobatis, Pristis, Torpedo, Trygon)
Subclass 2. Bradyodonti
Order 1. †Eubradyodonti (e.g., †Helodus)
Order 2. Holocephali (e.g., Chimaera)
= Class Actinopterygii =
Class Actinopterygii [p. 228]
Superorder 1. Chondrostei
Order 1. Palaeoniscoidei (e.g., †Cheirolepis, †Palaeoniscus, †Amphicentrum, †Platysomus, †Dorypterus, †Cleithrolepis, †Tarrasius, Polypterus [bichir])
Order 2. Acipenseroidei (e.g., †Chondrosteus, Acipenser [sturgeon], Polyodon [paddle-fish])
Order 3. Subholostei (e.g., †Ptycholepis)
Superorder 2. Holostei (e.g., †Acentrophorus, †Lepidotes, †Dapedius, †Microdon, Amia [bowfin], Lepisosteus [gar-pike])
Superorder 3. Teleostei
Order 1. Isospondyli (e.g., †Leptolepis, †Portheus, Clupea [herring], Salmo [trout])
Order 2. Ostariophysi (e.g., Cyprinus [carp], Tinea [tench], Silurus [catfish])
Order 3. Apodes (e.g., Anguilla [eel], Conger [conger eel])
Order 4. Mesichthyes (e.g., Esox [pike], Belone, Exocoetus [flying fish], Gasterosteus [stickle-back], Syngnathus [pipe-fish], Hippocampus [seahorse])
Order 5. Acanthopterygii (e.g., †Hoplopteryx, Zens [John Dory], Perca [perch], Labrus [wrasse], Uranoscopus [star gazer], Blennius [blenny], Gadus [whiting], Pleuronectes [plaice], Solea [sole], Lophius [angler-fish])
= Class Crossopterygii =
Class Crossopterygii [p. 268]
Order 1. Rhipidistia
Suborder 1. †Osteolepidoti (e.g., †Osteolepis, †Sauripterus, †Diplopterax, †Eusthenopteron)
Suborder 2. Coelacanthini (= Actinistia) (e.g., †Coelacanthus, †Undina, Latimeria)
Order 2. Dipnoi (e.g., †Dipterus, †Ceratodus, Neoceratodus, Protopterus, Lepidosiren)
= Class Amphibia =
Class Amphibia [p. 296]
Subclass 1. †Stegocephalia
Order 1. †Labyrinthodontia
Suborder 1. †Ichthyostegalia (e.g., †Ichthyostega, †Elpistostege)
Suborder 2. †Embolomeri (e.g., †Eogyrinus, †Loxomma)
Suborder 3. †Rhachitomi (e.g., †Eryops, †Cacops)
Suborder 4. †Stereospondyli (e.g., †Capitosaurus, †Buettneria)
Order 2. †Phyllospondyli (e.g., †Branchiosaurus)
Order 3. †Lepospondyli (e.g., †Dolichosoma, †Diplocaulus, †Microbrachis)
Order 4. †Adelospondyli (e.g., †Lysorophus)
Subclass 2. Urodela (= Caudata) (e.g., Molge, Salamandra, Ambystoma, Necturus)
Subclass 3. Anura (= Salientia) (e.g., †Miobatrachus, †Protobatrachiis, Rana, Bufo, Hyla, Pipa)
Subclass 4. Apoda (= Gymnophiona = Caecilia) (e.g., Ichthyophis, Typhlonectes)
= Class Reptilia =
Class Reptilia [p. 369]
Subclass 1. Anapsida
Order 1. †Cotylosauria (e.g., †Seymouria, †Captorhinus, †Diadectes)
Order 2. Chelonia (e.g., †Eunotosaurus, †Triassochelys, Chelys, Emys, Chelone, Testudo)
Subclass 2. †Synaptosauria
Order 1. †Protorosauria (e.g., †Araeoscelis, †Tanystropheus)
Order 2. †Sauropterygia (e.g., †Lariosaurus, †Pliosaurus, †Plesiosaurus, †Placodus)
Subclass 3. †Ichthyopterygia
Order 1. †Ichthyosauria (e.g., †Mixosaurus, †Ichthyosaurus)
Subclass 4. Lepidosauria
Order 1. †Eosuchia (e.g., †Youngina, †Prolacerta)
Order 2. Rhynchocephalia (e.g., †Homoesaurus, †Rhynchosaurus, Sphenodon [= Hatteria])
Order 3. Squamata
Suborder 1. Lacertilia (= Sauria)
Infraorder 1. Gekkota (e.g., Gecko)
Infraorder 2. Iguania (e.g., Iguana, Anolis, Phrynosoma, Draco, Lyriocephalus, Agama, Chamaeleo)
Infraorder 3. Scincomorpha (e.g., Lacerta, Scincus, Amphisbaena)
Infraorder 4. Anguimorpha (e.g., †Dolichosaurus, †Aigialosaurus, †Tylosaurus, Varanus, Lanthanotus, Anguis)
Suborder 2. Ophidia (= Serpentes) (e.g., †Palaeophis, Python, Natrix, Naja, Vipera)
Subclass 5. Archosauria
Order 1. †Pseudosuchia (= †Thecodontia) (e.g., †Euparkeria, †Saltoposuchus)
Order 2. †Phytosauria (e.g., †Phytosaurus, †Mystriosuchus)
Order 3. Crocodilia (e.g., †Protosuchus, Crocodilus, Alligator, Caiman, Gavialis)
Order 4. †Saurischia
Suborder 1. †Theropoda (e.g., †Compsognathus, †Ornitholestes, †Allosaurus, †Tyrannosaurus, †Struthiomimus)
Suborder 2. †Sauropoda (e.g., †Apatosaurus [= †Brontosaurus], †Diplodocus, †Yaleosaurus, †Plateosaurus, Brachiosaurus)
Order 5. †Ornithischia
Suborder 1. †Ornithopoda (e.g., †Camptosaurus, †Iguanodon, †Hadrosaurus)
Suborder 2. †Stegosauria (e.g., †Stegosaurus)
Suborder 3. †Ankylosauria (e.g., †Ankylosaurus, †Nodosaurus)
Suborder 4. †Ceratopsia (e.g., †Triceratops)
Order 6. †Pterosauria (e.g., †Rhamphorhynchus, †Pteranodon)
Subclass 6. †Synapsida [pp. 370, 533]
Order 1. †Pelycosauria (= †Theromorpha) (e.g., †Varanosaurus, †Edaphosaurus, †Dimetrodon)
Order 2. †Therapsida
Suborder 1. †Dicynodontia (e.g., †Galepus, †Moschops, †Dicynodon, †Kannemeyeria)
Suborder 2. †Theriodontia (e.g., †Cynognathus, †Scymnognathus, †Bauria, †Dromatherium, †Tritylodon, †Oligokyphus)
Order 3. †Mesosauria (= †Proganosauria) (e.g., †Mesosaurus)
= Class Aves =
Class Aves [p. 509]
Subclass 1. †Archaeornithes (e.g., †Archaeopteryx)
Subclass 2. Neornithes
Superorder 1. †Odontognathae (e.g., †Hesperornis, †Ichthyornis)
Superorder 2. Palaeognathae [ratites] (e.g., Struthio, Rhea, Dromiceius, Casuarius, †Dinornis, †Aepyornis, Apteryx, Tinamus)
Superorder 3. Impennae [penguins] (e.g., Spheniscus, Aptenodytes)
Superorder 4. Neognathae
Order 1. Gaviiformes [loons] (e.g., Gavia [loon])
Order 2. Colymbiformes [grebes] (e.g., Colymbus [= Podiceps] [grebe])
Order 3. Procellariiformes [petrels] (e.g., Fulmarus [petrel], Puffinus [shearwater], Diomedea [albatross])
Order 4. Pelecaniformes (e.g., Phalacrocorax [cormorant], Pelecanus [pelican], Sida [gannet])
Order 5. Ciconiiformes (e.g., Ciconia [stork], Ardea [heron], Phoenicopterus [flamingo])
Order 6. Anseriformes [ducks] (e.g., Anas [duck], Cygnus [swan])
Order 7. Falconiformes [hawks] (e.g., Falco [kestrel], Aquila [eagle], Buteo [buzzard], Neophron [vulture], Milvus [kite])
Order 8. Galliformes [game birds] (e.g., Gallus [fowl], Phasianus [pheasant], Perdix [partridge], Lagopus [grouse], Meleagris [turkey], Numida [guinea fowl], Pavo [peacock], Opisthocomus [hoatzin])
Order 9. Gruiformes [rails] (e.g., Fulica [coot], Gallinula [moorhen], Crex [corn-crake], Grus [crane], †Phororhacos, †Diatryma)
Order 10. Charadriiformes [waders and gulls] (e.g., Numenius [curlew], Capella [snipe], Calidris [sandpiper], Vanellus [lapwing], Scolopax [woodcock], Larus [gull], Uria [guillemot], Plautus [little auk])
Order 11. Columbiformes [pigeons] (e.g., Columba [pigeon], †Raphus [dodo])
Order 12. Cuculiformes [cuckoos] (e.g., Cuculus [cuckoo])
Order 13. Psittaciformes [parrots]
Order 14. Strigiformes [owls] (e.g., Athene [little owl], Tyto [farm owl], Strix [tawny owl])
Order 15. Caprimulgiformes [nightjars] (e.g., Caprimulgus [nightjar])
Order 16. Micropodiformes (e.g., Apus [swift], Trochilus [humming-bird])
Order 17. Coraciiformes (e.g., Merops [bee-eater], Alcedo [kingfisher])
Order 18. Piciformes [woodpeckers] (e.g., Picus [woodpecker])
Order 19. Passeriformes [perching birds] (e.g., Corvus [rook], Sturnus [starling], Fringilla [finch], Passer [house-sparrow], Alauda [lark], Anthus [pipit], Motacilla [wagtail], Certhia [tree-creeper], Parus [tit], Lanius [shrike], Sylvia [warbler], Turdus [thrush], Erithacus [British robin], Luscinia [nightingale], Prunella [hedge-sparrow], Troglodytes [wren], Hirundo [swallow])
= Class Mammalia =
Class Mammalia [p. 533]
Subclass 1. Eotheria
Order †Docodonta (e.g., †Morganucodon, †Docodon)
Order incertae sedis †Diarthrognathus
Subclass 2. Prototheria
Order Monotremata (e.g., Tachyglossus [= Echidna] [spiny anteater], Zaglossus [= Proechidna], Ornithorhynchus [platypus])
Subclass 3. †Allotheria
Order †Multituberculata (e.g., †Plagiaulax, †Ptilodus)
Subclass 4. Theria
Infraclass 1. †Pantotheria
Order 1. †Eupantotheria (e.g., †Amphitherium)
Order 2. †Symmetrodonta (e.g., †Spalacotherium)
Infraclass 2. Metatheria
Order Marsupialia
Infraclass 3. Eutheria (= Placentalia)
Order incertae sedis †Triconodonta (e.g., †Amphilestes, †Triconodon)
Infraclass Metatheria
Infraclass 2. Metatheria [p. 563]
Order Marsupialia
Superfamily 1. Didelphoidea (e.g., †Eodelphis, Didelphis [opossum], Chironectes [water opossum])
Superfamily 2. †Borhyaenoidea (e.g., †Thylacosmilus, †Borhyaena)
Superfamily 3. Dasyuroidea (e.g., Dasyurus [native cat], Sarcophilus [Tasmanian devil], Thylacinus [Tasmanian wolf], Myrmecobius [banded ant-eater], Notoryctes [marsupial mole], Sminthopsis [pouched mouse])
Superfamily 4. Perameloidea (e.g., Perameles [bandicoot])
Superfamily 5. Caenolestoidea (e.g., †Palaeothentes [= †Epanorthus], Caenolestes [opossum-rat])
Superfamily 6. Phalangeroidea (e.g., Trichosurus [Australian opossum], Petaurus [flying opossum], Phascolarctos [koala bear], Vombatus [wombat], Macropus [kangaroo], Bettongia [rat kangaroo], †Diprotodon, †Thylacoleo)
Infraclass Eutheria
Infraclass 3. Eutheria [p. 577]
Cohort 1. Unguiculata
Order 1. Insectivora [p. 581]
Order 2. Chiroptera [p. 585]
Order 3. Dermoptera
Order 4. †Taeniodonta
Order 5. †Tillodontia
Order 6. Edentata [p. 592]
Order 7. Pholidota
Order 8. Primates [p. 602]
Cohort 2. Glires [p. 653]
Order 1. Rodentia
Order 2. Lagomorpha
Cohort 3. Mutica [p. 666]
Order Cetacea
Cohort 4. Ferungulata
Superorder 1. Ferae [p. 679]
Order Carnivora
Superorder 2. Protungulata [p. 699]
Order 1. †Condylarthra
Order 2. †Notoungulata
Order 3. †Litopterna
Order 4. †Astrapotheria
Order 5. Tubulidentata
Superorder 3. Paenungulata [p. 706]
Order 1. Hyracoidea
Order 2. Proboscidea
Order 3. †Pantodonta
Order 4. †Dinocerata
Order 5. †Pyrotheria
Order 6. †Embrithopoda
Order 7. Sirenia
Superorder 4. Mesaxonia [p. 723]
Order Perissodactyla
Superorder 5. Paraxonia [p. 745]
Order Artiodactyla
Order Primates
Order 8. Primates [p. 602]
Suborder 1. Prosimii
Infraorder 1. Lemuriformes
Family 1. †Plesiadapidae (e.g., †Plesiadapis)
Family 2. †Adapidae (e.g., †Notharctus, †Adapis)
Family 3. Lemuridae (e.g., †Megaladapis, Lemur [common lemur])
Family 4. Indridae (e.g., Indri [indris])
Family 5. Daubentoniidae (e.g., Daubentonia [= Cheiromys] [aye-aye])
Infraorder 2. Lorisiformes
Family. Lorisidae (e.g., Loris [slender loris], Galago [bush baby], Perodicticus [potto])
Infraorder 3. Tarsiiformes
Family 1. †Anaptomorphidae (e.g., †Necrolemur, †Pseudoloris)
Family 2. Tarsiidae (e.g., Tarsius [tarsier])
Suborder 2. Anthropoidea
Superfamily 1. Ceboidea [New World monkeys]
Family 1. Callithricidae (e.g., Callithrix [= Hapale] [marmoset])
Family 2. Cebidae (e.g., †Homunculus, Cebus [capuchin], Ateles [spider monkey], Alouatta [howler monkey])
Superfamily 2. Cercopithecoidea
Family 1. †Parapithecidae (e.g., †Parapithecus)
Family 2. Cercopithecidae [Old World monkeys] (e.g., †Mesopithecus, Macaca [rhesus monkey, macaque], Papio [baboon], Mandrillus [mandrill], Cercopithecus [guenon], Presbytis [langur], Colobus, [guereza])
Superfamily 3. Hominoidea
Family 1. Pongidae apes (e.g., †Propliopithecus, †Pliopithecus, †Dryopithecus, †Oreopithecus †Australopithecus, †Proconsul, Hylobates gibbon, Pongo orangutan, Pan chimpanzee, Gorilla gorilla)
Family 2. Hominidae human (e.g., †Pithecanthropus [= †Sinanthropus] [Java and Pekin man], Homo [human (“all living races”)])