• Source: Waffle slab

A waffle slab or two-way joist slab is a concrete slab made of reinforced concrete with concrete ribs running in two directions on its underside. The name waffle comes from the grid pattern created by the reinforcing ribs. Waffle slabs are preferred for spans greater than 40 feet (12 m), as they are much stronger than flat slabs, flat slabs with drop panels, two-way slabs, one-way slabs, and one-way joist slabs.




Description


A waffle slab is flat on top, while joists create a grid like surface on the bottom. The grid is formed by the removal of molds after the concrete sets. This structure was designed to be more solid when used on longer spans and with heavier loads. This type of structure, because of its rigidity, is recommended for buildings that require minimal vibration, like laboratories and manufacturing facilities. It is also used in buildings that require big open spaces, like theatres or train stations. Waffle slabs are composed by intricate formwork, and may be more expensive than other types of slabs, but depending on the project and the quantity of concrete needed it may be cheaper to build.
There are two types of waffle slab system:

One way waffle slab system
Two way waffle slab system




Construction process


A waffle slab can be made in different ways but generic forms are needed to give the waffle shape to the slab. The formwork is made up of many elements: waffle pods, horizontal supports, vertical supports, cube junctions, hole plates, clits and steel bars. First the supports are built, then the pods are arranged in place, and finally the concrete is poured.
This process may occur in three different approaches, however the basic method is the same in each:

In situ: Formwork construction and pouring of concrete occur on site, then the slab is assembled (if required).
Precast: The slabs are made somewhere else and then brought to the site and assembled.
Pre-fabricated: The reinforcements are integrated into the slab while being manufactured, without needing to reinforce the assembly on site. This is the most expensive option.




= Waffle slab design

=
Different guides have been made for architects and engineers to determine various parameters of waffle slabs, primarily the overall thickness and rib dimensions. The following are rules of thumb, which are explained further in the accompanying diagrams:

Slab depth is typically 75 mm (3 in) to 130 mm (5 in) thick. As a rule of thumb, the depth should be 1⁄24 of the span.
The width of the ribs is typically 130 mm (5 in) to 150 mm (6 in), and ribs usually have steel rod reinforcements.
The distance between ribs is typically 915 mm (3 ft).
The height of the ribs and beams should be 1⁄25 of the span between columns.
The width of the solid area around the column should be 1⁄8 of the span between columns. Its height should be the same as the ribs.




Advantages


The waffle slab floor system has several advantages:

Better for buildings that require less vibrations – this is managed by the two way joist reinforcements that form the grid.
Bigger spans can be achieved with less material, being more economical and environmentally friendly
Some people find the waffle pattern aesthetically pleasing
Greater load capacity than traditional one-way slabs
Forms can be implemented with wood, concrete or steel
If holes are provided between the ribs, building services can be run through them. One proprietary implementation of this system is called Holedeck.




Disadvantages


Greater quantities of formwork materials are needed, which can be very costly
Waffle slabs are thicker than flat slabs, so the height between each floor must be greater to have enough space for the slab system and other building services
Waffle slabs are preferred for flat topographical areas not sloped sites




Examples


Royal National Theatre, London, United Kingdom
Washington Metro Building
Logistic and Telecommunication SL, Madrid, Spain
Barangaroo House, Sydney, Australia
GS1 Portugal, Lisboa, Portugal
Galbraith Hall, UC San Diego, California
odD House, Quito, Ecuador
Centro de Bellas Artes de Caguas Parking Garage, Caguas, Puerto Rico




See also


Waffle slab foundation
Reinforced concrete
Concrete slab
Formwork




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Waffle slab
• Waffle slab foundation
• Concrete slab
• Waffle House
• Waffle (disambiguation)
• Robarts Library
• Voided biaxial slab
• Isogrid
• Index of construction articles
• Al Tijaria Tower