- Source: Wanetsi
Waṇetsi (Waneci: وڼېڅي), commonly called Tarīno (Waneci: ترينو), and sometimes Tsalgari (Waneci: څلګري), is a distinct variety of Pashto and is considered by some to be a different language. In some cases, Wanetsi shares similarities with the Pamir language of Munji, being a sort of bridge between the former and Pashto. It is perhaps a representation of a more archaic, or very early, form of Pashto.
It is spoken by the Tareen, Mashwani and other Pashtun tribes in Balochistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, primarily in Harnai (هرنای) (Harnai District) and Chawter (چوتېر) area in Sanjawi, Northern Balochistan, Pakistan. The language is at risk due to lack of attention and not liking it as a language by foreigners.
History
Professor Prods Oktor Skjærvø states:
"The Pashto area split into two dialect groups at a pre-literary period, represented today on the one hand
by all the dialects of modern Pashto and on the other by Waṇeci and by archaic remains in other Southeast dialects"
According to Encyclopædia Iranica Waṇetsi branched off from the other Pashto dialects in the Middle Iranian stage:
Some of Waṇetsi's particularities (e.g. šwī “twenty,” mōš “we,” [a]γa “of;” the pres. endings; retention of rž; loss of -t-) prove that it must have split off from Paṣ̌to at an early Middle Iranic stage, considerably before the constitution of a standard Paṣ̌to. They can scarcely have developed after the arrival of the Waṇetsi speakers in their present home, which is in no way topographically cut off from the rest of Paṣ̌to territory. These speakers must rather represent the forerunners of the main Paṣ̌tūn movement towards the east, but when and where they split off is at present impossible to say.
= Research
=The first known linguistic research was conducted in 1929 by Georg Morgenstierne on Waṇetsi. Since then linguists like Josef Elfenbein have worked and researched on this archaic Pashto dialect. In his book, Syed Khair Muhammad Arif, "Tarin aw Tarīno" has also included a small dictionary of Waṇetsi. ٙBut much work remains to be done on understanding Waṇetsi.
= Poetry
=The Waṇetsi Poet Nizamuddin Nizami Tarin, a Spin Tarin from Chawter, has also compiled poetry in the language. An excerpt from his poem in Waṇetsi:
Music
The singer Khayam Tareen (خيام ترين) has also sung songs in Waṇetsi.
Phonology
= Consonants
=Waṇetsi has [ʃ] and [ʒ] for Pashto ښ and ږ, respectively.
څ does not merge with [s] but can be pronounced as [t͡s] and ځ does not merge with [z] but can be pronounced as [d͡z].
[h] is dropable in Waṇetsi e.g. هغه becomes اغه
= Vowels
=Josef Elfenbein states: "ī and ū are not phonemically distinct from i and u respectively, and are pronounced [i] and [u] respectively when unstressed (and not [ɪ] and [ʊ] as in Kākaṛī), and [iː] and [uː] when stressed."
There is a marked spontaneous tendency to palatalize "ī" as "yī" and "ē" as "yē"; and to labialize "ū" as "wū" and "ō" as "wo". Initial delabialization is common in "wū" as "ū" and "wō" as "ō".
The stressed short "á" is often lengthened, and an unstressed long "ā" shortened.
The standard weakening of final vowels in Waṇetsi makes the masculine-feminine gender distinction much less audible: [ə] and [a] are not phonemically distinct when unstressed in any position. But stressed final ә́ is kept apart from stressed á as in general Pashto.
Nasalisation
Waṇetsi also has vowel nasalisation which is transcribed as / ̃/ or ں in the Pashto alphabet.
= Stress
=Verbs
Like Pashto, verbs have final stress in the imperfective aspect and initial stress in the perfective aspect.
Examples:
Words
Stress can also change the meaning of words, as in Pashto.
Example:
Subdialects
Tarīno is subdivided into the Harnāi variety and the Chawter variety.
Grammatical comparison with general Pashto
= Adpositions
=Possessive
The possessive postposition غه is used instead of د
Example:
= Idiomatic Expression
=Tareeno also varies from Pashto in idiomatic expression.
Example: نهير1 /nahī́r/ “thought” - used with the verb to hit
= Verbal Suffixes
=First Person Suffix
The first person verbal suffixes also change:
Second Person Suffix
Some verbal suffixes like the feminine third person suffix [ه and ې] are the same:
Third Person Suffix
= Past Suffix =
Like standard Pashto the third person suffix for verbs with the root وتل the third person past suffix is different for the singular and plural.
Comparison with general Pashto
= Poetry
=The following is provided by Zamir Gulbahar (ظمير ګلبهار), a Tareeno poet from Harnai:
= Lexical Comparison
=The following list has been provided by the Waṇetsi poet Nizamuddin Nizami
= Sentence Comparison
=Sample 1
The following examples have been provided by Nizamuddin Nizami
Sample 2
The following examples have been provided by Nizamuddin Nizami
Sample 3
The following examples have been provided by Nizamuddin Nizami
Sample 4
The following examples have been provided by Nizamuddin Nizami
Grammar
= Nouns - Morphology
=Class 1
Masculine Animate: mə́ser - elder (In general Pashto: mə́sər
Masculine Animate: lewә́- wolf
Masculine Animate: xar- donkey
Masculine Animate: pšə́ - tom-cat (in general Pashto: piš)
Masculine Inanimate: dārū́ - medicine
Masculine Inanimate: kor - house
Feminine Animate: pšī - cat (in general Pashto: piśó)
Feminine Inanimate: lyār - way (in general Pashto: lār)
Feminine Inanimate: xwā́šī - mother-in-law
Feminine Inanimate: čaṛə́ - mother-in-law
Feminine Inanimate: lergā́ - stick
Class 2
Masculine Animate: yirźá - bear (in general Pashto: يږ [yәẓ̌, yәg, yәź])
Masculine Animate: spa -dog (in general Pashto: spáy)
Masculine Inanimate: wagaṛá -village (in general Pashto: kə́lay)
Feminine Animate: spī - female-dog (in general Pashto spə́i)
Class 3
Masculine Inanimate: špaźmi -moon (in general Pashto spoẓ̌mə́i, a feminine noun)
Feminine Inanimate: méle -celebration (in general Pashto melá)
Class 4
Masculine Animate: spor- horseman
Masculine Inanimate: rebún - shirt
Class 5
Masculine Animate: ğal
= Agglutinative Formation
=The (e)ya case is agglutinative.
= Demonstratives
=In Waṇetsi اغه [aɣa] functions for both Pashto دغه (this) and هغه (that).
= Verb Infinitive
=Where as General Pashto employs the ل [ә́l] to the past stem to make it infinitive, Waṇetsi employs نګ [ang] to the past stem to make it infinitive.
Bibliography
J. H. Elfenbein, (1984). "The Wanetsi Connexion: Part I". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1): 54–76.
J. H. Elfenbein, (1984). "The Wanetsi Connexion: Part II". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (2): 229–241.
J. H Elfenbein, (1967). "Lanḍa Zor Wəla Waṇecī". Archiv Orientální. XXXV: 563–606.
See also
Pashto Dialects
Pashto Grammar
Wazirwola
Ormuri language
Pamiri languages
References
External links
Word list of terms in Waṇetsi and other languages
Kata Kunci Pencarian:
- Bahasa Pashtun
- Rumpun bahasa Iran Timur
- Akademi Bahasa Pashtun
- Abjad Pashtun
- Rumpun bahasa Iran
- Bahasa Persia Pertengahan
- Bahasa Gāndhārī
- Bahasa Baktria
- Rumpun bahasa Skithia
- Wanetsi
- Pashto dialects
- Sanjawi
- Durrani
- Pashtuns
- Pashto
- Eastern Iranian languages
- Pashtun tribes
- Harnai District
- Nūn ġuṇnā
