• Source: Zhang Yinhuan

Zhang Yinhuan (Chinese: 張蔭桓; pinyin: Zhāng Yīnhuán; 1837–1900), courtesy names Haoluan (Chinese: 皓巒) and Qiaoye (Chinese: 樵野), was the third Chinese Ambassador to the United States during the Qing dynasty.




Biography


At a young age, he attempted to take the imperial examination, but when he did not pass, he gave up, in 1862, he followed his uncle to Jinan, paid money, and obtained the status of Zhixian. Afterward, he became a staff officer in the Shandong Census, and his abilities were evaluated by the Shandong Census and Ding Baozhen, and he was recommended to the Taoist, and was promoted to Azechi.
Eventually, he was called to Beijing and joined the Prime Minister's Department of Foreign Affairs, where he was promoted to Sajuro Tobe, and after that held successive positions in the Engineering Department, Criminal Affairs Department, Military Department, Religious Affairs Department, and Office Department. In 1885, he became minister to the United States, Spain, and Peru. During his tenure, he consulted on the issues of overseas Chinese workers.
In 1895, due to the crushing defeat of the Beiyang Fleet in the Sino-Japanese War, the Qing court dispatched Yinhuan and Shao Youlian, the commander of Hunan, as ambassadors with plenipotentiary power to make peace. However, he was refused negotiations in Hiroshima and was eventually replaced by Li Hongzhang and his adopted son Li Jingfang, who signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
In 1897, he visited the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Germany, and Russia. In March 1898, he served as deputy plenipotentiary for the Russo-Qing Treaty on Port Arthur and Dalian Concession, which was signed in Beijing (the chief plenipotentiary was Li Hongzhang).
Yinhuan supported the law reform movement and was close to Kang Youwei, so he was exiled to Xinjiang Province after the Hundred Days' Reform. In 1900, he was executed in exile during the Boxer Rebellion.




References






= Bibliography

=
Unno, Fukuju (1992). 集英社版 日本の歴史18 日清・日露戦争 [Shueisha Edition Japanese History 18: Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars] (in Japanese). Shueisha. ISBN 4-08-195018-0.
Shunshin, Chin (1983). 中国の歴史14 中華の躍進 [History of China 14: China's breakthrough] (in Japanese). Heibonsha. ISBN 4582487149.

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