• Source: Zig Zag Railway

The Zig Zag Railway is an Australian heritage railway, situated near Lithgow, New South Wales. It was opened by the not-for-profit Zig Zag Railway Co-op as an unpaid volunteer-staffed heritage railway in October 1975, using the alignment of the Lithgow Zig Zag line that formed part of the Main Western line between 1869 and 1910. The line climbs the western flank of the Blue Mountains, using railway zig zags to gain height.
Operation of the heritage railway was suspended in 2012 following accreditation issues with the Government of New South Wales. The railway was aiming to resume services in October 2013, but was then severely damaged during the 2013 NSW bushfires and then subsequently by torrential rain. Repairs and trials of restored rail vehicles and track commenced in August 2016 and it was planned to re-commence limited heritage operations in 2019, until the 2019–2020 bushfires damaged key infrastructure. The COVID-19 pandemic further delayed restoration. Heritage train services resumed on 27 May 2023.




History






= Construction and abandonment

=

The Lithgow Zig Zag was constructed as part of the Main Western line and opened on the 19 October 1869. Between Lithgow and Clarence, the Main Western line needed to climb the western flank of the Blue Mountains, overcoming a vertical distance of 550 ft (170 m). The alternative eventually decided upon required the use of two railway zig zags where all trains had to reverse. The line had a ruling grade of 1:42 (~2.38%) on three inclines known as the Top Road (above Top Points), Middle Road (between the two zig zags) and Bottom Road (below Bottom Points). The line included several short tunnels and some viaducts.
The steep gradients and need to reverse trains proved to be a serious bottleneck to traffic on the line, and there were several accidents with runaway trains at the reversing points. Attempts were made to mitigate this by realigning the track and relocating and extending the reversing stations, but the problems continued. As early as 1885, plans for alleviating the Zig Zag problem involved the construction of a 2 mi (3.2 km) long tunnel. This was said to provide little gain for the cost proposed. In 1908, work began on the Ten Tunnels Deviation, a double-tracked route that by-passed the two reversing stations and the upper two inclines, although retaining the Bottom Road with its 1:42 gradient. Once this was completed, the by-passed section was closed in October 1910.




= Lithgow Valley Reserve

=
The main railway corridor of the Great Zig Zag Railway forms part of a Reserve administered by Government, it is administered by a trust made up of volunteers. The area was proclaimed a public reserve in 1881 which was one of the first public reserves in NSW, originally supervised by Blaxland Shire Council. In 1946, it was added to the Trust that administered Hassan's Walls, the trust opened Top Road to road traffic in 1949. In 1964, it added the picnic shelter under number 1 Viaduct, naming it in recognition of H K Cockerton Place. Cockerton served as a trustee for 17 years, instigating the development of the reserve, in 1969, the Reserve was transferred to Lithgow Council. In 1990, the Reserve was placed in the Trust of the Zig Zag Railway Co-Op.



Revival and preservation


In 1967, as the end of steam operation in New South Wales approached, a group of steam enthusiasts headed by Ian Thornton were keen to establish an operating steam museum. The Lithgow Zig Zag was chosen as a suitable site based on its accessibility by day-trippers from Sydney, its scenery, abundant water supplies and availability of coal. In March 1969, negotiations commenced with the Zig Zag Trust, the Department of Lands and the Lithgow City Council.
In 1972, the Lithgow Switchback Railway Co-op Limited was formed and this became the Zig Zag Railway Co-operative Limited in 1974. At this time, the Commissioner for Railways only made heritage locomotives and rolling stock available to the officially sponsored New South Wales Rail Transport Museum. Thus the line was relaid to 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge as used in Queensland, South Australia and Tasmania rather than the New South Wales 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) to allow locomotives and carriages to be procured from these states.
In 1975, the new track was complete on the Middle Road between Bottom Points and Top Points. On 29 August 1975 1046 operated the first journey from Bottom Points to Top Points. Services commenced on 18 October 1975, the 106th anniversary of the original opening.
On 4 April 1987, the line was opened along the Top Road between Top Points and Mt Sinai Halt and on 29 October 1988, through to Clarence. A further extension to meet the Main Western line at Newnes Junction has been started with track laid for 50% of the distance.
On 25 January 1996, locomotive 1072 derailed after hitting maintenance equipment. No injuries are known to be reported.




= Closure and bushfire damage

=



Accreditation and collision

In August 2006, the Independent Transport Safety Regulator (ITSR), an agency of the Government of New South Wales that regulates safety and accredits railway operators, identified the Zig Zag Railway (and one other operator) as a "higher risk" isolated line operator because of its complex operations and high numbers of passenger trips. The ITSR gave Zig Zag Co-operative additional time to develop a safety improvement plan in order to comply with the Act, that took effect for all heritage railway operators from 1 January 2007.
On 1 April 2011, an incident occurred resulting in a collision between a maintenance vehicle and a two-car rail motor, between Clarence and Top Points stations. Travelling in opposite directions and carrying one passenger (in the Hy-rail) plus one driver of each rail vehicle, two injuries were sustained. A subsequent investigation by the Office of Transport Safety Investigations found that the principal error was miscommunication. The inquiry also identified that a number of other factors were found to have contributed to the collision.
From March 2012, only railcars could be operated and in June 2012, the ITSR ordered a cessation of all services until a number of safety issues were addressed. The railway was then aiming to resume services in October 2013.



2013 bushfire and storm damage

The railway was severely damaged by the 'State Mine Fire', part of the October 2013 bushfires. The railway suffered millions of dollars of damage which included ten passenger carriages and four accommodation carriages. The most extensive damage caused by the fires was at Bottom Points workshop where most of the north side was destroyed. This included the spare parts stores, offices and most of the machine shop. Electrical equipment to operate signals was totally destroyed as was the repeater tower for the safety radio communication system and the internal telephone lines and exchange. One thousand new railway sleepers were also lost as was the caretaker's converted accommodation carriage. Locomotive 1047 which had been stored behind Bottom Points workshop was also badly damaged. Much of the damage was suffered by original railway equipment from the 1920s. At that time, it was estimated that the railway would take a full year to recover from the State Mine Fire. Heavy rain then caused subsequent damage to an embankment near the western end of the Clarence tunnel, the platform area at Top Points, and to the run around loop track at Bottom Points.
In September 2017, restoration of vehicles and infrastructure were still being undertaken and hopes were for recommencement of services as soon as safe and practical. Due to the complexity of repairs and reinstatement infrastructure, the re-opening was hoped for late 2019, but all hopes were dashed with the damage from the 2019 bushfires. The railway’s website and Facebook page both have updates on the redevelopment.



2019 bushfire damage and ongoing repairs

In late December 2019, the Zig Zag Railway was hit by the Gospers Mountain bushfire. The station buildings and most of the rolling stock survived with the exception of a few already vandalised carriages. The toilet block, storage areas, communications hut, signalling equipment, water and power supplies and main office with the past 45 years of records were all destroyed along with an estimated 1500 sleepers all of which pushed the reopening a few years back.
On 24 July 2020, diesel locomotive 1004 became the first locomotive to travel from Bottom Points Station to Clarence station since the cessation of steam services in March 2012. Works trains had previously only operated on the Middle Road (Bottom Points to Top Points) due to the extensive damage at Clarence caused by the 2013 embankment slip.



2020s

In March 2020, the railway was well into the project of making the rail corridor safe when storms struck Zig Zag, this impacted the return to service the railway was heading for. The ability of workers and volunteers to come onsite was impacted by COVID-19 restrictions in NSW between March and September 2020 and June and November 2021, slowing the progress of work on the railway. Additionally, the railway has been repeatedly affected by weather events, such as storms in January and March 2022. The line reopened on 27 May 2023.
The railway celebrated its reopening and 154th anniversary on 21 October 2023 with a tape-cutting ceremony, pre-booked steam train rides, local performances, displays, heritage buses and market stalls.




Former schedule


Prior to the suspension of services in 2012, the Zig Zag Railways was unique in New South Wales being the only heritage operator to run every day except Christmas Day. On Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, Fridays and Sundays railmotors were operated. Every Wednesday, Saturday and Sunday a steam locomotive with train would operate with Sunday having a two train timetable. Special events included Day Out with Thomas and a Wizards Express event held a couple of times per year. During most school holidays, steam services ran every day. Passengers could join the service at Bottom Points where Zig Zag railway station is served by NSW TrainLink services from Sydney or at Clarence which is adjacent to the Bells Line of Road.




Locomotives and rolling stock


The locomotives and rolling stock on the Zig Zag Railway have been mainly sourced from Queensland Railways, but there are also items from the South Australian Railways and Emu Bay Railway.
The collection includes Queensland Railways 2000 class rail motors, Queensland Railways Evans carriages, Emu Bay Railway diesel locomotives, South Australian Railways end platform carriages and several older carriages and a considerable number of freight style vehicles that are used for demonstration trains, fire fighting, and track and infrastructure repair and maintenance.




= Steam locomotives

=




= Diesel locomotives

=




= Railmotors

=




= Passenger carriages

=
During the early 1970s, four ex-NSWR sleeping cars were located at the Bottom Points of the Zig Zag to provide stationary sleeping accommodation, meal and ablution facilities for its volunteer train crews and workers. Unfortunately, these were all destroyed by the 2013 fires.
Five South Australian Railways end platform carriages made redundant by the opening of the standard gauge Broken Hill railway line were purchased in 1972 and these were used to inaugurate services. A set of five end platform carriages was purchased in 1974 from the Public Transport Commission of NSW but ultimately not used when 15 Evans side door compartment carriages were purchased from Queensland Railways in 1986 went into service instead. Subsequently additional carriages were purchased from the Beaudesert Railway.




= Freight and works vehicles

=
Zig Zag Railway has a variety of four-wheeled and eight-wheeled freight, fire fighting, and works vehicles. These include fuel and water tank cars, hopper wagons, flat wagons and covered and louvered vans. These vehicles have been sourced from NSW, Queensland, South Australia, Northern Territory, and Tasmania. It also had one Hi-Rail vehicle (that can operate on road or rail).




Film use


In 2003, the railway was used in the production of the Hollywood film Stealth. The area stood in for mountainous regions in North Korea and locomotives were specially painted with Korean Chosongul (Hangul) characters.




References






Further reading


Belbin, Phillip; Burke, David (1981). Full Steam Across the Mountains. Methuen Australia. ISBN 978-0-454-00278-2.
Bayley, William Alan (1980). Blue Mountains Railways. Austrail Publications. ISBN 978-0-909597-23-8.
New South Wales Parliament Standing Committee on Public Works (1894). Report together with minutes of evidence, appendices, and plans, relating to the proposed deviation to avoid the Lithgow ZigZag. Charles Potter, Govt. Printer.
Sallis, Roger (1979). "Chapter 5". Australian Preservation of Narrow Gauge Railways. Hyde Park, SA, Australia: Peacock Publications. pp. 68–82. ISBN 978-0-909209-26-1.




External links


Media related to Zig Zag Railway at Wikimedia Commons

Official website
• Source: Zig zag (railway)

A railway zig zag or switchback is a railway operation in which a train is required to switch its direction of travel in order to continue its journey. While this may be required purely from an operations standpoint, it is also ideal for climbing steep gradients with minimal need for tunnels and heavy earthworks. For a short distance (corresponding to the middle leg of the letter "Z"), the direction of travel is reversed, before the original direction is resumed. Some switchbacks do not come in pairs, and the train may then need to travel backwards for a considerable distance.
A location on railways constructed by using a zig-zag alignment at which trains must reverse direction to continue is a reversing station.
One of the best examples is the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a UNESCO World Heritage Site railway in India, which has six full zig zags and three spirals.




Advantages


Zig zags tend to be cheaper to construct because the grades required are discontinuous. Civil engineers can generally find a series of shorter segments going back and forth up the side of a hill more easily and with less grading than they can a continuous grade, which must contend with the larger scale geography of the hills to be surmounted.




Disadvantages


Zig zags suffer from a number of limitations:

The length of trains is limited to what will fit on the shortest stub track in the zig zag. For this reason, the Lithgow Zig Zag's stubs were extended at great expense in 1908. Even then, delays were such that the zig zag had eventually to be bypassed by a new route, opened two years later.
Reversing a locomotive-hauled train not purposely equipped for push-pull operation without first running the engine around to the rear of the train can be hazardous – although operating the train with two locomotives, one at each end (a practice known as "topping-and-tailing"), can mitigate the dangers.
The need to stop the train after each segment, throw the switch, and then reverse means that progress through the zig zag is slow.
Passenger cars with transverse seating force riders to travel in reverse for at least part of the journey, though this issue is largely solved by longitudinal seating on cars serving such routes.




Hazards


If the wagons in a freight train are marshaled poorly, with a light vehicle located between heavier ones (particularly with buffer couplings), the move on the middle road of a zig zag can cause derailment of the light wagon.




Examples


Argentina
Tren a las Nubes (1921)
Australia
Lithgow Zig Zag, New South Wales (1869–1910) preserved - see Zig Zag Railway
Out of use:
Kalamunda Zig Zag, Western Australia – two reversals (dismantled)
Lake Margaret Tram, Tasmania, 610 mm (2 ft) (dismantled)
Lapstone Zig Zag, New South Wales – two reversals (1865) (dismantled)
Mundaring Weir branch railway, Western Australia (dismantled)
Thornleigh Zig Zag, New South Wales (dismantled)
Yarloop, Western Australia (dismantled)
Yarraglen (dismantled)
Chile
Pisagua – Three reversals; long out of use but earthworks easy to trace
China
Mifengyan on the Jiayang Coal Railway 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) - one reversal
Qinglongqiao on the Jingbao Railway
Czech Republic
Dubí - local railway between Moldava and Most (Most–Moldava railway), trains have to change direction in station Dubí in order to continue further. Only one halt of a 'Z' is placed
Denmark
Lemvig – Small side track from the harbor to the railway station, used only on special occasions. In reality only half a 'Z' as only one reversal is needed.
Ecuador
Sibambe on the Quito-Guayaquil line (cf. Empresa de Ferrocarriles Ecuatorianos)
France
Froissy Dompierre Light Railway
Germany
In use:
Rauenstein (Hinterland Railway)
Lauscha (Sonneberg – Probstzella railway)
Lüttmoorsiel-Nordstrandischmoor island railway
Michaelstein (Rübeland Railway)
Rennsteig (Rennsteig Railway, Ilmenau – Themar)
Wurzbach (Saalfeld – Blankenstein railway)
out of use
Lenzkirch in the Black Forest (dismantled)
Mainspitze station in Frankfurt am Main, used from 1846–1848 to reach the provisional Frankfurt terminal of the Main-Neckar Railway (dismantled)
Schillingsfürst (dismantled)
Elm (replaced in 1914 by Distelrasen Tunnel, but the structure is conserved within the Frankfurt-Fulda and Fulda-Gemünden railways and the connecting curve between the stations at Elm and Schlüchtern
Steinhelle-Medebach railway (double zig zag)
Hungary
The Szob-Nagybörzsöny forest railway has a simple zig zag at the middle of the railway line between Kisirtás and Tolmács-hegy stations, with a loop in the middle of the Z shape
India
Darjeeling Himalayan Railway has six full zig zags and 3 spirals, most are from the construction of the current railway but one was added in the 1940s and at least one other was used temporarily following storm damage
Matheran_Hill_Railway has three zig zags
Indonesia
Jalur kereta api Cikampek–Padalarang Dutch East Indies made this line to shorten the travel time between the two biggest cities Jakarta and Bandung
Italy
Ferrovia Genova-Casella has one zig zag currently in regular use at Casella Deposito (actually a single reversal)
Cecina-Volterra railway (this section of the line was closed in 1958)
the Menaggio–Porlezza railway had a single reversal near Menaggio
Japan
Akita Shinkansen at Ōmagari Station
Haiki Station for the Midori Limited Express
Hakone Tozan Line has three zig zags, namely at Deyama S.B., Ōhiradai Station, Kami-Ōhidradai S.B.
Hisatsu Line at Okoba and Masaki stations
Hōhi Main Line at Tateno Station
Kisuki Line at Izumo-Sakane Station
Keikyu Main Line at Keikyū Kamata Station for trains operating direct service between Yokohama Station and Haneda Airport: This switchback exists purely from an operational standpoint and is not influenced by terrain obstacles.
Maibara Station for the Shirasagi Limited Express
Seibu Ikebukuro Line at Hannō Station for trains operating to and from Seibu-Chichibu Station
Shinonoi Line Obasute Station in Chikuma, Nagano, is on a switchback
The Tateyama Sabō Erosion Control Works Service Train (not publicly accessible) is notable for operating on a line with 38 zig zags, 18 of them in a row
Odakyū Enoshima Line at Fujisawa Station
Mexico
Ferrocarril Noroeste de México, between Juan Mata Ortiz to Chico
Myanmar
Passenger line between Thazi and Kalaw, with four switchbacks; still in use
Passenger line between Mandalay and Lashio
New Zealand
Driving Creek Railway, Coromandel
Western Line, Auckland. Service runs from Britomart to Newmarket before reversing to run to Swanson. The reverse could be avoided but this would bypass Newmarket which is a major station.
North Korea
Kanggye Line, between Hwangp'o and Simrip'yŏng stations
Kŭmgangsan Electric Railway, between Tanballyŏng and Malhwiri (Kŭmganggu) stations. Entire line destroyed during the Korean War and not rebuilt
Paengmu Line, between Yugok and Rajŏk stations, and at Samyu station (station is located on a single reverse)
in addition, there are numerous switchbacks on spurs into underground facilities located off main lines.
Pakistan
Khyber Pass Railway
Peru
PeruRail between Cuzco to Machu Picchu – Five switchbacks
Seven full Zigzags and one single reverse on the Central Railway of Peru
Slovakia
Historical Logging Switchback Railway in Vychylovka
South Africa
Tierkrans Switchback Railway, between Barkley East station and Aliwal-North station. For economic reasons regular service was finally discontinued in 1991. Railway enthusiasts also know the line for the famous set of eight reverses.
South Korea
Yeongdong Line, between Heungjeon station and Nahanjeong station. This section closed in 2012 and replaced by Solan tunnel
Sweden
Lövsjöväxeln (Lövsjö points) on Hällefors-Fredriksbergs Järnvägar (1875–1940)
Visby harbour från Visby station, 32 meters of difference, (1868–1962),
Switzerland
Chambrelien station on the Neuchâtel–Le Locle-Col-des-Roches line. Before electrification, a turntable was required to allow large tender locomotives to be turned as they ran around their trains
Combe-Tabeillon station on the Saignelégier-Glovelier line
Grindelwald Grund railway station
trains on each of the three narrow gauge lines out of Aigle have to reverse somewhere en route (Aigle–Leysin, Aigle–Sépey–Diablerets, Aigle–Ollon–Monthey–Champéry)
Taiwan
Alishan Forest Railway
United Kingdom
Cheddleton - St Edwards Hospital tramway reversed twice in order to gain height from Leekbrook Station to the hospital itself.
Spittal, Northumberland – The former mineral branch to Tweed Dock required two reversals to descend 20 m from the East Coast Main Line to near sea level.
United States
Amtrak, Chicago, Illinois – The City of New Orleans and the Illini and Saluki trains depart Chicago Union Station backwards to utilize a switchback that connects Union Station to the former Illinois Central main line (now owned by CN).
Buckingham Branch Railroad – One switchback at New Canton, Virginia
Eight switchbacks at Cascade on GN – Replaced by tunnel which was in turn replaced by a longer tunnel
Cass Scenic Railroad, West Virginia – Two switchbacks with 11% grade between, still in use
Colorado and Southern Railway, Central City, Colorado – Two switchbacks on the ascent from Black Hawk, Colorado to Central City
Confusion Hill Mountain Train Ride, Piercy, California – Several switchbacks in use
Crown King Branch, Bradshaw Mountain Railroad, Yavapai County, Arizona - 10 switchbacks were utilized on the line between Mayer, Arizona and Crown King, Arizona.
Fern Rock Transportation Center, Fern Rock, Philadelphia - One switchback, connects the Broad Street Line with SEPTA Regional Rail, still in limited use
Hagans Switchback in Virginia, Still in use by CSX for Coal trains
Industrial switchback, Montage Mountain Road, Scranton, Pennsylvania – Still in use
Market Street Railway 33 18th and Park streetcar, San Francisco, California – One switchback, route converted to trolleybus but still largely following original alignment with a very sharp turn at the former switchback
Monarch Branch, Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, Colorado – Two switchbacks
Mount Hood Railroad, Hood River, Oregon – One switchback, still in use
Northern Pacific's Coeur d'Alene Branch, Lookout Pass – One switchback east of Mullan, Idaho along its 4% descent towards Wallace
Roaring Camp and Big Trees Narrow Gauge Railroad, Felton, California – One switchback bypassing a spiral trestle destroyed by fire in 1976; still in use
Shasta Sunset Dinner Train, McCloud, California – One switchback, "Signal Butte Switchback", line out of service since 2010
Sierra Railway, Melones, California - Two switchbacks, abandoned, used by SRY's Angels Branch to cross Stanislaus River Canyon, one switchback inundated by New Melones Lake




References

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Transportasi di Hong Kong
• Jalur Negishi
• Stasiun kereta api Central, Sydney
• Zig Zag Railway
• Zig zag (railway)
• Lithgow Zig Zag
• Lapstone Zig Zag
• Zig Zag railway station
• Zigzag (disambiguation)
• Kalamunda Zig Zag
• Ten Tunnels Deviation
• Lithgow, New South Wales
• Gooseberry Hill National Park