arctostaphylos

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      Arctostaphylos (; from ἄρκτος árktos "bear" and σταφυλή staphulḗ "bunch of grapes") is a genus of plants comprising the manzanitas () and bearberries. There are about 60 species of Arctostaphylos, ranging from ground-hugging arctic, coastal, and mountain shrub to small trees up to 6 m (20 ft) tall. Most are evergreen (one species deciduous), with small oval leaves 1–7 cm (0.4–3 in) long, arranged spirally on the stems. The flowers are bell-shaped, white or pale pink, and borne in small clusters of 2–20 together; flowering is in the spring. The fruit are small berries, ripening in the summer or autumn. The berries of some species are edible.
      Arctostaphylos species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora arctostaphyli (which feeds exclusively on A. uva-ursi) and Coleophora glaucella.


      Distribution



      Manzanitas, the bulk of Arctostaphylos species, are present in the chaparral biome of western North America, where they occur from southern British Columbia in Canada, Washington to California and New Mexico in the United States, and throughout much of northern and central Mexico.
      One species, however, A. uva-ursi (common bearberry), is adapted to arctic and subarctic climates and has a circumpolar distribution in northern North America, Asia and Europe.
      An unusual association of manzanita occurs on Hood Mountain, in Sonoma County, California, where stands of pygmy forest dominated by Mendocino cypress are found.


      Fossil record


      One fossil fruit of †Arctostaphylos globula and several fossil fruits of †Arctostaphylos menzelii have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark.


      Cultivation


      Cultivation is generally difficult due to fungal diseases, and often salinity and alkalinity. Overhead watering should be avoided in hot weather. Some cultivars are easier to grow.


      Taxonomy


      The following species are recognised in the genus Arctostaphylos:


      = Ranges

      =
      Subgenus Micrococcus
      Sect. Micrococcus

      Subgenus Arctostaphylos, which has three sections:
      Sect. Arctostaphylos

      Sect. Foliobracteata

      Sect. Pictobracteata

      Unassigned

      See also the closely related genus Comarostaphylis, previously often included in Arctostaphylos.


      References




      Further reading


      Hickman, James C. (1993), The Jepson Manual: higher plants of California, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-082559
      Hogan, C. Michael (2012), "Arctostaphylos", in McGinley, M.; C. J. Cleveland (eds.), Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment
      Kauffmann, Michael; Parker, Tom; Vasey, Michael; Bisbee, Jeff (2021-07-29), Field Guide to Manzanitas: California, North America, and Mexico (2nd ed.), Backcountry Press, ISBN 978-1941624159
      Treatment from the Jepson Manual
      Wells, Philip V. (2000), Manzanitas of California, Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, ISBN 0-933994-22-2
      Wells, Philip V. (1992). "Subgenera and sections of Arctostaphylos". The Four Seasons. 9: 64–69.


      External links


      Jepson Manual Treatment

    Kata Kunci Pencarian: arctostaphylos

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    Arctostaphylos - Wikipedia

    There are about 60 species of Arctostaphylos, ranging from ground-hugging arctic, coastal, and mountain shrub to small trees up to 6 m (20 ft) tall. Most are evergreen (one species …

    Arctostaphylos for Pacific Northwest Gardens

    Handsome evergreen shrubs, they combine picturesque bark, showy flowers (early in the season), and food for wildlife; they are useful as both specimens and transitional shrubs to …

    Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 'Massachusetts' - Plant Finder

    Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, known by a large number of common names including common bearberry and kinninnick, is an extremely winter hardy, creeping, slow-growing, prostrate, …

    Arctostaphylos uva-ursi - North Carolina Extension Gardener …

    Known as common bearberry, this native evergreen is a low growing perennial shrub that can be effectively used as a ground cover. Its natural habitat includes rocky sites, open woods, dry …

    Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Bearberry) - Gardenia

    Extremely winter hardy, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Bearberry) is a slow-growing, creeping, evergreen shrub with trailing red stems studded with small, leathery, glossy, obovate, dark …

    Arctostaphylos Plant Growing & Care Guide for Gardeners

    Plant Characteristics: Arctostaphylos is prized for its attractive red bark and bell-shaped flowers. Its evergreen nature and unique appearance add year-round interest to landscapes. Ideal …

    Arctostaphylos - Manzanitas - Gardenia

    Arctostaphylos is a genus of 60 species, ranging from ground-hugging arctic, coastal, and mountain species to small trees. Most are evergreen, with small oval leaves arranged spirally …

    Manzanitas of California, (Arctostaphylos species) - Las Pilitas

    Manzanitas have urn-shaped flowers that vary from pink to white and are popular with hummingbirds. They are very drought tolerant and evergreen, always looking green and …

    Arctostaphylos - Landscape Plants | Oregon State University

    Flowers small, urn-shaped, white to pinkish, in dense, pendulous clusters to 3 cm, at ends of branches. Fruit a flattened sphere, 8-12 mm wide, glabrous to hairy, white then red-brown. …

    Arctostaphylos uva-ursi - Oregon State University

    Flowers, perfect, white-tinged pink, urn-shaped, in terminal nodding racemes. Fleshy fruit (drupe), bright red, 6 mm diam.; may not set fruit. Sun or partial shade. Difficult to transplant. Does best …