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Chorda tympani is a branch of the facial nerve that carries gustatory (taste) sensory innervation from the front of the tongue and parasympathetic (secretomotor) innervation to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.
Chorda tympani has a complex course from the brainstem, through the temporal bone and middle ear, into the infratemporal fossa, and ending in the oral cavity.




Structure


Chorda tympani fibers emerge from the pons of the brainstem as part of the intermediate nerve of the facial nerve. The facial nerve exits the cranial cavity through the internal acoustic meatus and enters the facial canal. In the facial canal, the chorda tympani branches off the facial nerve and enters the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity inside the middle ear where it runs across the tympanic membrane (from posterior to anterior) and medial to the neck of the malleus.
The chorda then exits the skull by descending through the petrotympanic fissure into the infratemporal fossa just lateral to the styloid bone. Here it joins the lingual nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3). Traveling with the lingual nerve, the fibers of chorda tympani enter the sublingual space to reach the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and submandibular ganglion.

The special sensory fibers originate from the taste buds in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and carry taste information to the nucleus of solitary tract of the brainstem, where taste information from facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves is integrated.
The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate in the superior salivary nucleus of the brainstem and project to the submandibular ganglion to synapse with postganglionic fibers which go on to innervate the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.




Function


The chorda tympani carries two types of nerve fibers from their origin from the facial nerve to the lingual nerve that carries them to their destinations:

Special sensory fibers providing taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion, providing secretomotor innervation to two salivary glands: the submandibular gland and sublingual gland and to the vessels of the tongue, which when stimulated, cause a dilation of blood vessels of the tongue.




= Taste

=
The chorda tympani is one of three cranial nerves that are involved in taste. The taste system involves a complicated feedback loop, with each nerve acting to inhibit the signals of other nerves.
There are similarities between the tastes the chorda tympani picks up in sweeteners between mice and primates, but not rats. Relating research results to humans is therefore not always consistent.
Sodium chloride is detected and recognized most by the chorda tympani nerve. The recognition and responses to sodium chloride in the chorda tympani is mediated by amiloride-sensitive sodium channels.
The chorda tympani has a relatively low response to quinine and varied responses to hydrochloride. The chorda tympani is less responsive to sucrose than is the greater petrosal nerve.




= Chorda tympani transection

=
The chorda tympani nerve carries its information to the nucleus of solitary tract, and shares this area with the greater petrosal, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. When the greater petrosal and glossopharyngeal nerves are cut, regardless of age, the chorda tympani nerve takes over the space in the terminal field. This takeover of space by the chorda tympani is believed to be the nerve reverting to its original state before competition and pruning.
The chorda tympani, as part of the peripheral nervous system, is not as plastic in early ages. In a study done by Hosley et al. and a study done by Sollars, it has been shown that when the nerve is cut at a young age, the related taste buds are not likely to grow back to full strength.
In a bilateral transection of the chorda tympani in mice, the preference for sodium chloride increases compared to before the transection. Also avoidance of higher concentrations of sodium chloride is eliminated. The amiloride-sensitive channels responsible for salt recognition and response is functional in adult rats but not neonatal rats. This explains part of the change in preference of sodium chloride after a chorda tympani transection.
The chorda tympani innervates the fungiform papillae on the tongue. According to a study done by Sollars et al. in 2002, when the chorda tympani has been transected early in postnatal development some of the fungiform papillae undergo a structural change to become more “filiform-like”. When some of the other papillae grow back, they do so without a pore.




Dysfunction



Injury to the chorda tympani nerve leads to loss or distortion of taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue. However, taste from the posterior 1/3 of tongue (supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve) remains intact.
The chorda tympani appears to exert a particularly strong inhibitory influence on other taste nerves, as well as on pain fibers in the tongue. When the chorda tympani is damaged, its inhibitory function is disrupted, leading to less inhibited activity in the other nerves.




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References






External links



Anatomy figure: 27:03-08 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
"7-18". Cranial Nerves. Yale School of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
MedEd at Loyola GrossAnatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cnb7c.htm
cranialnerves at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (VII)
Photo at Washington University in St. Louis

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Saraf fasialis
• Chorda tympani
• Parasympathetic nervous system
• Facial nerve
• Tympanic cavity
• Facial canal
• Geniculate ganglion
• Tongue
• Eardrum
• Pars flaccida of tympanic membrane
• Lingual papillae

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Daftar Isi

• Chorda tympani - Wikipedia
• Chorda tympani: Anatomy, course and function - Kenhub
• Chorda tympani | Radiology Reference Article - Radiopaedia.org
• Anatomy, Head and Neck, Chorda Tympani - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
• The Facial Nerve (CN VII) - Course - Functions - TeachMeAnatomy
• Facial nerve: Origin, function, branches and anatomy | Kenhub
• Chorda Tympani | Complete Anatomy - Elsevier
• Chorda Tympani | CE598 - Dentalcare.com
• Chorda Tympani - Health and Medical Articles
• Chorda Tympani - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Chorda tympani - Wikipedia

Chorda tympani is a branch of the facial nerve that carries gustatory sensory innervation from the front of the tongue and parasympathetic (secretomotor) innervation to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

Chorda tympani: Anatomy, course and function - Kenhub

Mar 20, 2024 · The chorda tympani is an intratemporal branch of the mastoid segment of the facial nerve (CN VII). It arises from the facial nerve within the facial canal of the temporal bone, traverses the middle ear and exits the skull through the petrotympanic fissure.

Chorda tympani | Radiology Reference Article - Radiopaedia.org

Jul 31, 2024 · The chorda tympani is a nerve that arises from the mastoid segment of the facial nerve, carrying afferent special sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue via the lingual nerve, as well as efferent parasympathetic secretomotor innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands.

Anatomy, Head and Neck, Chorda Tympani - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf

Mar 4, 2023 · The chorda tympani leaves the intracranial space through the internal auditory canal with the seventh cranial nerve. Immediately after branching off the facial nerve, the chorda tympani runs through the posterior colliculus. It then travels through the middle ear and across the tympanic membrane.

The Facial Nerve (CN VII) - Course - Functions - TeachMeAnatomy

Nov 2, 2024 · The chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve is responsible for innervating the anterior 2/3 of the tongue with the special sense of taste. The nerve arises in the facial canal, and travels across the bones of the middle ear, exiting via the petrotympanic fissure, and entering the infratemporal fossa.

Facial nerve: Origin, function, branches and anatomy | Kenhub

Oct 30, 2023 · The chorda tympani merges with the posterior aspect of the lingual nerve (a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3)) to carry special visceral afferent/taste sensation (SVA fibers) from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

Chorda Tympani | Complete Anatomy - Elsevier

The chorda tympani is a major branch of the facial nerve that originates in the facial canal of the temporal bone. Its preganglionic parasympathetic fibers have cell bodies located in the superior salivatory nucleus and those of its special sense taste …

Chorda Tympani | CE598 - Dentalcare.com

The chorda tympani carries special sensory fibers from taste buds in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the sublingual and submandibular glands along with the minor salivary glands. It separates from the main trunk of the facial nerve just before the latter passes out of the temporal bone through the ...

Chorda Tympani - Health and Medical Articles

Chorda tympani is one of the branches that belongs to the facial nerve, its origin being represented by the taste buds that are located in the anterior part of the tongue. After it leaves its origin, it travels along the middle ear and reaches the …

Chorda Tympani - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Chorda Tympani is a nerve that can be enlarged or repositioned during certain medical procedures, impacting the visualization of specific areas. If stretched to the point of partial tear, it is recommended to sever it completely to minimize taste disturbances in patients.