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      Coding conventions are a set of guidelines for a specific programming language that recommend programming style, practices, and methods for each aspect of a program written in that language. These conventions usually cover file organization, indentation, comments, declarations, statements, white space, naming conventions, programming practices, programming principles, programming rules of thumb, architectural best practices, etc. These are guidelines for software structural quality. Software programmers are highly recommended to follow these guidelines to help improve the readability of their source code and make software maintenance easier. Coding conventions are only applicable to the human maintainers and peer reviewers of a software project. Conventions may be formalized in a documented set of rules that an entire team or company follows, or may be as informal as the habitual coding practices of an individual. Coding conventions are not enforced by compilers.


      Software maintenance


      Reducing the cost of software maintenance is the most often cited reason for following coding conventions. In the introductory section on code conventions for the Java programming language, Sun Microsystems offers the following reasoning:

      Code conventions are important to programmers for a number of reasons:

      40%–80% of the lifetime cost of a piece of software goes to maintenance.
      Hardly any software is maintained for its whole life by the original author.
      Code conventions improve the readability of the software, allowing engineers to understand new code more quickly and thoroughly.
      If you ship your source code as a product, you need to make sure it is as well packaged and clean as any other product you create.


      = Quality

      =
      Software peer review frequently involves reading source code. This type of peer review is primarily a defect detection activity. By definition, only the original author of a piece of code has read the source file before the code is submitted for review. Code that is written using consistent guidelines is easier for other reviewers to understand and assimilate, improving the efficacy of the defect detection process.
      Even for the original author, consistently coded software eases maintainability. There is no guarantee that an individual will remember the precise rationale for why a particular piece of code was written in a certain way long after the code was originally written. Coding conventions can help. Consistent use of whitespace improves readability and reduces the time it takes to understand the software.


      Coding standards


      Where coding conventions have been specifically designed to produce high-quality code, and have then been formally adopted, they then become coding standards. Specific styles, irrespective of whether they are commonly adopted, do not automatically produce good quality code.


      Reduction of complexity


      Complexity is a factor going against security.
      The management of complexity includes the following basic principle: minimize the amount of code written during the project development. This prevents unnecessary work which prevents unnecessary cost, both upfront and downstream. This is simply because if there is less code, it is less work not only to create the application, but also to maintain it.
      Complexity is managed both at the design stage (how the project is architectured) and at the development stage (by having simpler code). If the coding is kept basic and simple then the complexity will be minimised. Very often this is keeping the coding as 'physical' as possible - coding in a manner that is very direct and not highly abstract. This produces optimal code that is easy to read and follow. Complexity can also be avoided simply by not using complicated tools for simple jobs.
      The more complex the code is the more likely it is to be buggy, the more difficult the bugs are to find and the more likely there are to be hidden bugs.


      = Refactoring

      =
      Refactoring refers to a software maintenance activity where source code is modified to improve readability or improve its structure. Software is often refactored to bring it into conformance with a team's stated coding standards after its initial release. Any change that does not alter the behavior of the software can be considered refactoring. Common refactoring activities are changing variable names, renaming methods, moving methods or whole classes and breaking large methods (or functions) into smaller ones.
      Agile software development methodologies plan for regular (or even continuous) refactoring making it an integral part of the team software development process.


      Task automation


      Coding conventions allow programmers to have simple scripts or programs whose job is to process source code for some purpose other than compiling it into an executable. It is common practice to count the software size (Source lines of code) to track current project progress or establish a baseline for future project estimates.
      Consistent coding standards can, in turn, make the measurements more consistent. Special tags within source code comments are often used to process documentation, two notable examples are javadoc and doxygen. The tools specify the use of a set of tags, but their use within a project is determined by convention.
      Coding conventions simplify writing new software whose job is to process existing software. Use of static code analysis has grown consistently since the 1950s. Some of the growth of this class of development tools stems from increased maturity and sophistication of the practitioners themselves (and the modern focus on safety and security), but also from the nature of the languages themselves.


      Language factors


      All software practitioners must grapple with the problem of organizing and managing a large number of sometimes complex instructions. For all but the smallest software projects, source code (instructions) are partitioned into separate files and frequently among many directories. It was natural for programmers to collect closely related functions (behaviors) in the same file and to collect related files into directories. As software development shifted from purely procedural programming (such as found in FORTRAN) towards more object-oriented constructs (such as found in C++), it became the practice to write the code for a single (public) class in a single file (the 'one class per file' convention).
      Java has gone one step further - the Java compiler returns an error if it finds more than one public class per file.
      A convention in one language may be a requirement in another. Language conventions also affect individual source files. Each compiler (or interpreter) used to process source code is unique. The rules a compiler applies to the source creates implicit standards. For example, Python code is much more consistently indented than, say Perl, because whitespace (indentation) is actually significant to the interpreter. Python does not use the brace syntax Perl uses to delimit functions. Changes in indentation serve as the delimiters. Tcl, which uses a brace syntax similar to Perl or C/C++ to delimit functions, does not allow the following, which seems fairly reasonable to a C programmer:


      The reason is that in Tcl, curly braces are not used only to delimit functions as in C or Java. More
      generally, curly braces are used to group words together into a single argument.
      In Tcl, the word while takes two arguments, a condition and an action. In the example above, while is missing its second argument, its action (because the Tcl also uses the newline character to delimit the end of a command).


      Common conventions


      There are a large number of coding conventions; see Coding Style for numerous examples and discussion. Common coding conventions may cover the following areas:

      Comment conventions
      Indent style conventions
      Line length conventions
      Naming conventions
      Programming practices
      Programming principles
      Programming style conventions
      Coding standards include the CERT C Coding Standard, MISRA C, High Integrity C++.


      See also


      Comparison of programming languages (syntax)
      Hungarian Notation
      Indent style
      List of tools for static code analysis
      List of software development philosophies
      MISRA
      Programming style
      Software metrics
      Software quality
      The Power of 10 Rules


      References

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    Coding conventions - Wikipedia

    Coding conventions are a set of guidelines for a specific programming language that recommend programming style, practices, and methods for each aspect of a program written in that language.

    .NET Coding Conventions - C# | Microsoft Learn

    Jan 18, 2025 · Learn about commonly used coding conventions in C#. Coding conventions create a consistent look to the code and facilitate copying, changing, and maintaining the code. This article also includes the docs repo coding guidelines

    Coding Standards and Guidelines - GeeksforGeeks

    May 23, 2024 · Why are coding standards and guidelines important in software development? Coding Standards Boost Security and Safety. Software coding standards aim to implant tried-and-true programming techniques that produce code that is secure, dependable, safe, testable, and maintainable. What are the 5 pillars of code quality? Five pillars of code quality ...

    Coding Standards: What Are They and Why Are They Important?

    Feb 5, 2025 · Coding standards, also known as coding guidelines or programming style guides, are rules and conventions that developers follow when writing code. These rules define the code characteristics necessary to maintain a uniform codebase and …

    JavaScript Style Guide - W3Schools

    Coding conventions can be documented rules for teams to follow, or just be your individual coding practice. This page describes the general JavaScript code conventions used by W3Schools. You should also read the next chapter "Best Practices", and learn how to avoid coding pitfalls.

    Understanding Coding Conventions in Software Engineering

    Oct 2, 2023 · Explore the significance of coding conventions in software engineering. Learn how they enhance readability, promote consistency, and reduce bugs.

    Coding Conventions: Importance & Best Practices Guide - Svitla

    Aug 28, 2020 · Let's see why, where, and when to use the coding conventions. What is Coding Conventions. Why use coding Conventions. Where and When to use Coding Conventions. Software development coding standards. Conclusion. The code formatting standard is generally accepted and used by a group of software developers to uniformly share code.

    Java Coding Conventions. Which Ones to Follow and Why

    Feb 22, 2021 · When it comes to Java, there are two most common and well-known coding conventions: Oracle’s Java Code Conventions and Google’s Java Style Guide coding convention.

    Introduction to Software Engineering/Implementation/Code Convention ...

    Mar 25, 2021 · Coding conventions are a set of guidelines for a specific programming language that recommend programming style, practices and methods for each aspect of a piece program written in this language.

    Coding Conventions. A set of guidelines, helpful practices

    Oct 8, 2021 · Coding conventions are a set of guidelines for a specific programming language that recommend programming style, practices, and methods for each aspect of a program written in that language.