Cultural heritage GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21

      Cultural heritage is the heritage of tangible and intangible heritage assets of a group or society that is inherited from past generations. Not all heritages of past generations are "heritage"; rather, heritage is a product of selection by society.
      Cultural heritage includes tangible culture (such as buildings, monuments, landscapes, archive materials, books, works of art, and artifacts), intangible culture (such as folklore, traditions, language, and knowledge), and natural heritage (including culturally significant landscapes, and biodiversity). The term is often used in connection with issues relating to the protection of Indigenous intellectual property.
      The deliberate action of keeping cultural heritage from the present for the future is known as preservation (American English) or conservation (British English), which cultural and historical ethnic museums and cultural centers promote, though these terms may have more specific or technical meanings in the same contexts in the other dialect. Preserved heritage has become an anchor of the global tourism industry, a major contributor of economic value to local communities.
      Legal protection of cultural property comprises a number of international agreements and national laws.
      United Nations, UNESCO and Blue Shield International deal with the protection of cultural heritage. This also applies to the integration of United Nations peacekeeping.


      Types of heritage




      = Cultural property

      =

      Cultural property includes the physical, or "tangible" cultural heritage, such as artworks. These are generally split into two groups of movable and immovable heritage. Immovable heritage includes buildings (which themselves may include installed art such as organs, stained glass windows, and frescos), large industrial installations, residential projects, or other historic places and monuments. Moveable heritage includes books, documents, moveable artworks, machines, clothing, and other artifacts, that are considered worthy of preservation for the future. These include objects significant to the archaeology, architecture, science, or technology of a specified culture.
      Aspects and disciplines of the preservation and conservation of tangible culture include:

      Museology
      Archival science
      Conservation (cultural heritage)
      Art conservation
      Archaeological conservation
      Architectural conservation
      Film preservation
      Phonograph record preservation
      Digital preservation


      = Intangible culture

      =

      "Intangible cultural heritage" consists of non-physical aspects of a particular culture, more often maintained by social customs during a specific period in history. The concept includes the ways and means of behavior in a society and the often formal rules for operating in a particular cultural climate. These include social values and traditions, customs and practices, aesthetic and spiritual beliefs, artistic expression, language and other aspects of human activity. The significance of physical artifacts can be interpreted as an act against the backdrop of socioeconomic, political, ethnic, religious, and philosophical values of a particular group of people. Naturally, intangible cultural heritage is more difficult to preserve than physical objects.
      Aspects of the preservation and conservation of cultural intangibles include:

      folklore
      oral history
      language preservation


      = Natural heritage

      =

      "Natural heritage" is also an important part of a society's heritage, encompassing the countryside and natural environment, including flora and fauna, scientifically known as biodiversity, as well as geological elements (including mineralogical, geomorphological, paleontological, etc.), scientifically known as geodiversity. These kinds of heritage sites often serve as an important component in a country's tourist industry, attracting many visitors from abroad as well as locally. Heritage can also include cultural landscapes (natural features that may have cultural attributes).
      Aspects of the preservation and conservation of natural heritage include:

      Rare breeds conservation
      Heirloom plants


      = Digital heritage

      =

      Digital heritage is made up of computer-based materials such as texts, databases, images, sounds and software being retained for future generations. Digital heritage includes physical objects such as documents which have been digitized for retention and artifacts which are "born digital", i.e. originally created digitally and having no physical form.


      Protection of cultural heritage




      = History

      =
      There have been examples of respect for the cultural assets of enemies since ancient times. The roots of today's legal situation for the precise protection of cultural heritage also lie in some of the regulations of Austria's ruler Maria Theresa (1717 - 1780) and the demands of the Congress of Vienna (1814/15) not to remove works of art from their place of origin in the war. The 1863 Lieber code, a military legal code governing the wartime conduct of the Union Army also set rules for the protection of cultural heritage. The process continued at the end of the 19th century when, in 1874 (in Brussels), at least a draft international agreement on the laws and customs of war was agreed. 25 years later, in 1899, an international peace conference was held in the Netherlands on the initiative of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, with the aim of revising the declaration (which was never ratified) and adopting a convention. The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 also significantly advanced international law and laid down the principle of the immunity of cultural property. Three decades later, in 1935, the preamble to the Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions (Roerich Pact) was formulated. On the initiative of UNESCO, the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict was signed in 1954.
      Protection of cultural heritage or protection of cultural goods refers to all measures aimed at protecting cultural property against damage, destruction, theft, embezzlement, or other loss. The term "monument protection" is also used for immovable cultural property. Protection of cultural heritage relates in particular to the prevention of robbery digs at archaeological sites, the looting or destruction of cultural sites and the theft of works of art from churches and museums all over the world and basically measures regarding the conservation and general access to our common cultural heritage. Legal protection of cultural heritage comprises a number of international agreements and national laws.
      There is a close partnership between the UN, United Nations peacekeeping, UNESCO, the International Committee of the Red Cross and Blue Shield International.

      The protection of cultural heritage should also preserve the particularly sensitive cultural memory, the growing cultural diversity, and the economic basis of a state, a municipality, or a region. Whereby there is also a connection between cultural user disruption or cultural heritage and the cause of flight. But only through fundamental cooperation, including the military units and the planning staff, with the locals can the protection of world heritage sites, archaeological finds, exhibits, and archaeological sites from destruction, looting, and robbery be implemented sustainably. The founding president of Blue Shield International Karl von Habsburg summed it up with the words: "Without the local community and without the local participants, that would be completely impossible".


      The ethics and rationale of cultural preservation


      Objects are a part of the study of human history because they provide a concrete basis for ideas, and can validate them. Their preservation demonstrates a recognition of the necessity of the past and of the things that tell its story. In The Past is a Foreign Country, David Lowenthal observes that preserved objects also validate memories. While digital acquisition techniques can provide a technological solution that is able to acquire the shape and the appearance of artifacts with unprecedented precision in human history, the actuality of the object, as opposed to a reproduction, draws people in and gives them a literal way of touching the past. This poses a danger as places and things are damaged by the hands of tourists, the light required to display them, and other risks of making an object known and available. The reality of this risk reinforces the fact that all artifacts are in a constant state of chemical transformation so that what is considered to be preserved is actually changing – it is never as it once was. Similarly changing is the value each generation may place on the past and on the artifacts that link it to the past.

      The equality or inseparability of cultural preservation and the protection of human life has been argued by several agencies and writers, for example, former French president François Hollande stated in 2016Our responsibility is to save lives and also to save the stones -- there is no choice to be made, because today both are destroyed.

      Classical civilizations, especially Indian, have attributed supreme importance to the preservation of tradition. Its central idea was that social institutions, scientific knowledge, and technological applications need to use a "heritage" as a "resource". Using contemporary language, we could say that ancient Indians considered, as social resources, both economic assets (like natural resources and their exploitation structure) and factors promoting social integration (like institutions for the preservation of knowledge and for the maintenance of civil order). Ethics considered that what had been inherited should not be consumed, but should be handed over, possibly enriched, to successive generations. This was a moral imperative for all, except in the final life stage of sannyasa.
      What one generation considers "cultural heritage" may be rejected by the next generation, only to be revived by a subsequent generation.


      World heritage movement



      Significant was the Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage that was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO in 1972. As of 2011, there are 936 World Heritage Sites: 725 cultural, 183 natural, and 28 mixed properties, in 153 countries. Each of these sites is considered important to the international community.
      The underwater cultural heritage is protected by the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. This convention is a legal instrument helping state parties to improve the protection of their underwater cultural heritage.
      In addition, UNESCO has begun designating masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights sitting as part of the United Nations Economic and Social Council with article 15 of its Covenant had sought to instill the principles under which cultural heritage is protected as part of a basic human right.
      Key international documents and bodies include:

      Athens Charter, 1931
      Roerich Pact, 1935
      Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, 1954, (with a definition of cultural heritage item adopted by some national law)
      Venice Charter, 1964
      Barcelona Charter, 2002 (regarding maritime vessel preservation)
      ICOMOS
      The Blue Shield, a network of committees of dedicated individuals across the world that is "committed to the protection of the world's cultural property, and is concerned with the protection of cultural and natural heritage, tangible and intangible, in the event of armed conflict, natural- or human-made disaster."
      International Institute for Conservation
      The U.S. Government Accountability Office issued a report describing some of the United States' cultural property protection efforts.


      National and regional heritage movements



      Much of heritage preservation work is done at the national, regional, or local levels of society. Various national and regional regimes include:

      Australia:
      Burra Charter
      Heritage Overlay in Victoria, Australia
      Bosnia
      KONS
      Brazil:
      National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage
      Canada
      Heritage conservation in Canada
      Chile
      National Monuments Council (Chile)
      China
      State Administration of Cultural Heritage
      Egypt
      Supreme Council of Antiquities
      Estonia
      Ministry of Culture (Estonia)
      National Heritage Board (Estonia)
      Ghana
      Ghana's material cultural heritage
      Honduras
      Secretary of State for Culture, Arts and Sports
      Hong Kong
      Heritage conservation in Hong Kong
      India
      Ministry of Culture (India)
      National Archives of India
      Archaeological Survey of India
      Anthropological Survey of India
      Culture of India
      Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage
      National Museum Institute of the History of Art, Conservation and Museology
      List of World Heritage Sites in India
      Indian Heritage Cities Network, Mysore
      Heritage structures in Hyderabad
      Iran
      Cultural Heritage, Handcrafts and Tourism Organization
      Japan
      Cultural Properties of Japan
      Kenya
      National Museums of Kenya
      International Inventories Programme
      North Macedonia
      Institute for Protection of Cultural Monuments
      Malaysia
      The National Heritage Act
      Namibia
      National Heritage Council of Namibia
      National Monuments Council
      New Zealand
      New Zealand Historic Places Trust
      Pakistan
      Lahore Museum of Art and Cultural History
      Lok Virsa Heritage Museum
      National Museum of Pakistan
      Pakistan Monument and Heritage Museum
      Philippines
      National Commission for Culture and the Arts
      National Historical Commission of the Philippines
      Poland
      National Ossoliński Institute
      Serbia
      Immovable Cultural Heritage of Exceptional Importance
      Immovable Cultural Heritage of Great Importance
      South Africa
      South African Heritage Resources Agency
      Provincial heritage resources authorities
      Amafa aKwaZulu-Natali
      Heritage Western Cape
      Northern Cape Heritage Resources Authority
      National Monuments Council
      Historical Monuments Commission
      United Kingdom
      Conservation in the United Kingdom
      English Heritage
      English Heritage Archive
      National Trust
      Cadw
      Northern Ireland Environment Agency
      Historic Environment Scotland
      National Trust for Scotland
      United States of America
      National Park Service
      National Register of Historic Places
      National Historic Site (United States)
      List of national memorials of the United States
      National Military Park
      Zambia
      National Heritage Conservation Commission
      National Museums Board

      Zimbabwe
      National Monuments of Zimbabwe


      Issues in cultural heritage



      Broad philosophical, technical, and political issues and dimensions of cultural heritage include:

      Cultural heritage repatriation
      Cultural heritage management
      Cultural property law
      Heritage tourism
      Virtual heritage
      Sustainable preservation
      Climate change and World Heritage


      Management of cultural heritage


      Issues in cultural heritage management include:

      Exhibition of cultural heritage objects
      Radiography of cultural objects
      Storage of cultural heritage objects
      Collections maintenance
      Disaster preparedness


      Cultural heritage digital preservation


      Ancient archaeological artefacts and archaeological sites are naturally prone to damage due to their age and environmental conditions. Also, there have been tragic occurrences of unexpected human-made disasters, such as in the cases of a fire that took place in the 200 years old National Museum of Brazil and the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris.
      Therefore, there is a growing need to digitize cultural heritage in order to preserve them in the face of potential calamities such as climate change, natural disaster, poor policy or inadequate infrastructure. For example, the Library of Congress has started to digitize its collections in a special program called the National Digital Library Program. The Smithsonian has also been actively digitizing its collection with the release of the "Smithsonian X 3D Explorer," allowing anyone to engage with the digitized versions of the museum's millions of artifacts, of which only two percent are on display.
      3D scanning devices have become a practical reality in the field of heritage preservation. 3D scanners can produce a high-precision digital reference model that not only digitizes condition but also provides a 3D virtual model for replication. The high cost and relative complexity of 3D scanning technologies have made it quite impractical for many heritage institutions in the past, but this is changing, as technology advances and its relative costs are decreasing to reach a level where even mobile based scanning applications can be used to create a virtual museum.
      There is still a low level of digital archiving of archaeological data obtained via excavation, even in the UK where the lead digital archive for archaeology, the Archaeology Data Service, was established in the 1990s. Across the globe, countries are at different stages of dealing with digital archaeological archives, all dealing with differences in statutory requirements, legal ownership of archives and infrastructure.


      See also


      Antiquarian
      Architectural Heritage
      Collecting
      Heritage film
      International Council on Monuments and Sites
      Values (heritage)


      = Digital methods in preservation

      =
      DigiCULT
      ERPANET
      Intellectual property issues in cultural heritage (IPinCH)
      MICHAEL (webportal)


      References




      Further reading


      Michael Falser. Cultural Heritage as Civilizing Mission. From Decay to Recovery. Heidelberg, New York: Springer (2015), ISBN 978-3-319-13638-7.
      Michael Falser, Monica Juneja (eds.). 'Archaeologizing' Heritage? Transcultural Entanglements between Local Social Practices and Global Virtual Realities. Heidelberg, New York: Springer (2013), ISBN 978-3-642-35870-8.
      Fiankan-Bokonga, Catherine (17 October 2017). "A historic resolution to protect cultural heritage". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
      Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl
      Barbara T. Hoffman, Art and cultural heritage: law, policy, and practice, Cambridge University Press, 2006
      Leila A. Amineddoleh, "Protecting Cultural Heritage by Strictly Scrutinizing Museum Acquisitions," Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2467100
      Paolo Davide Farah, Riccardo Tremolada, Desirability of Commodification of Intangible Cultural Heritage: The Unsatisfying Role of IPRs, in TRANSNATIONAL DISPUTE MANAGEMENT, Special Issues "The New Frontiers of Cultural Law: Intangible Heritage Disputes", Volume 11, Issue 2, March 2014, ISSN 1875-4120 Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2472339
      Paolo Davide Farah, Riccardo Tremolada, Intellectual Property Rights, Human Rights and Intangible Cultural Heritage, Journal of Intellectual Property Law, Issue 2, Part I, June 2014, ISSN 0035-614X, Giuffrè, pp. 21–47. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2472388
      Nora Lafi, Building and Destroying Authenticity in Aleppo: Heritage between Conservation, Transformation, Destruction, and Re-Invention in Christoph Bernhardt, Martin Sabrow, Achim Saupe. Gebaute Geschichte. Historische Authentizität im Stadtraum, Wallstein, pp.206-228, 2017
      Dallen J. Timothy and Gyan P. Nyaupane, Cultural heritage and tourism in the developing world : a regional perspective, Taylor & Francis, 2009
      Peter Probst, "Osogbo and the Art of Heritage: Monuments, Deities, and Money", Indiana University Press, 2011
      Constantine Sandis (ed.), Cultural Heritage Ethics: Between Theory and Practice, Open Book Publishers, 2014
      Zuckermann, Ghil'ad et al., ENGAGING - A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property, Australian Government: Indigenous Culture Support, 2015
      Walters, Diana; Laven, Daniel; Davis, Peter (2017). Heritage & Peacebuilding. Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 9781783272167. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
      Kocój E., Między mainstremem a undergroundem. Dziedzictwo regionalne w kulturze europejskiej – odkrywanie znaczeń, [w:] Dziedzictwo kulturowe w regionach europejskich. Odkrywanie, ochrona i (re)interpretacja, Seria wydawnicza:, Studia nad dziedzictwem i pamięcią kulturową", tom I, Kraków 2019, red. Ewa Kocój, Tomasz Kosiek, Joanna Szulborska-Łukaszewicz, pp. 10–35.
      Dziedzictwo kulturowe w regionach europejskich. Odkrywanie, ochrona i (re)interpretacja, Seria wydawnicza:, Studia nad dziedzictwem i pamięcią kulturową", tom I, red. Ewa Kocój, Tomasz Kosiek, Joanna Szulborska-Łukaszewicz, Kraków 2019, p. 300.
      Hudson-Ward, A., Widholm, J. R., & Scott, W. (Eds.). (2023). Cultural Heritage and the Campus Community: Academic Libraries and Museums in Collaboration. ACRL.


      External links



      Cultural heritage policy - history and resources Getty Museum - list of major international cultural heritage documents, charters, and treaties
      UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Official website of the United Nations organization for cultural heritage
      International Council on Monuments and Sites
      International Council of Museums
      International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property
      Cultural routes and landscapes, a common heritage of Europe (English and French language)
      EPOCH – European Research Network on Excellence in Processing Open Cultural Heritage
      Peace Palace Library - Research Guide Archived 12 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine
      National Council for Preservation Education
      Dédalo Open source management system for Cultural heritage
      Cultural heritage travel guide from Wikivoyage
      Central European University (CEU)
      UNESCO UIS_cultural heritage
      Heritage for Peace

    Kata Kunci Pencarian:

    cultural heritage artinyacultural heritagecultural heritage adalahcultural heritage indonesiacultural heritage scholarshipcultural heritage journalcultural heritage pdfcultural heritage theorycultural heritage buildingcultural heritage management plan
    cultural-heritage | DT Heritage

    cultural-heritage | DT Heritage

    Cultural Heritage - Western National Parks Association | Read!

    Cultural Heritage - Western National Parks Association | Read!

    cultural-&-heritage-tour-05 - INDIGO DMC Group

    cultural-&-heritage-tour-05 - INDIGO DMC Group

    Cultural Heritage

    Cultural Heritage

    Cultural Heritage

    Cultural Heritage

    Cultural Heritage

    Cultural Heritage

    Cultural Heritage

    Cultural Heritage

    Cultural Heritage - Matagorda County Museum

    Cultural Heritage - Matagorda County Museum

    Cultural Heritage - Geographic Book

    Cultural Heritage - Geographic Book

    Blue Ridge Crossroads Economic & Small Business Development - Cultural ...

    Blue Ridge Crossroads Economic & Small Business Development - Cultural ...

    Cultural Heritage :: Behance

    Cultural Heritage :: Behance

    Preserving Cultural Heritage

    Preserving Cultural Heritage

    Search Results

    cultural heritage

    Daftar Isi

    Cultural heritage - Wikipedia

    Cultural heritage is the heritage of tangible and intangible heritage assets of a group or society that is inherited from past generations. Not all heritages of past generations are "heritage"; rather, heritage is a product of selection by society.

    What is Cultural Heritage? | Whose Culture? - Harvard University

    UNESCO defines world heritage as “the designation for places on Earth that are of outstanding universal value,” and defines culture as a set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual, and emotional features of a society or a social group.

    What is cultural heritage? - Smarthistory

    Cultural heritage implies a shared bond, our belonging to a community. It represents our history and our identity; our bond to the past, to our present, and the future.

    Cultural Heritage: Its Significance and Preserving - Longdom

    Cultural heritage is a timeless treasure that connects to the roots, shapes, and identity and offers a window into the shared history. It encompasses the tangible and intangible elements of cultural identity, including historic buildings, monuments, traditions, languages, art, music, and folklore.

    Part 1: What is Cultural Heritage? – Heritages of Change: …

    According to the World Cultural Forum, “UNESCO defines cultural heritage broadly as the legacy of physical artefacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations.” [Note that “artefacts” is the British English ...

    The Concept and History of Cultural Heritage

    Cultural heritage can be defined as the legacy of physical artifacts (cultural property) and intangible attributes of a group or society inherited from the past. Cultural Heritage is a concept which offers a bridge between the past and the future with the application of …

    Cultural Heritage | Definition, Types & Examples - Study.com

    Nov 21, 2023 · Cultural heritage is the indicators of the ways of living that a community developed, which are inherited from previous generations. It includes artwork, buildings, books, objects, songs,...

    Cultural Heritage - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

    Cultural heritage refers to the legacy of languages, customs, traditions, values, places, and objects created by human communities as an expression of living, which is passed on to future generations. It encompasses tangible artifacts like traditional clothing and monuments, as well as intangible aspects such as oral traditions and performing arts.

    Cultural heritage | UNESCO UIS

    Cultural heritage includes artefacts, monuments, a group of buildings and sites, museums that have a diversity of values including symbolic, historic, artistic, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological, scientific and social significance.

    30 Examples of Cultural Heritage

    Cultural heritage includes all cultural expressions of a society, both past and current, which are transmitted from generation to generation. For instance: legends, folk music, indigenous pottery. The Unesco is the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.