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      Doubt GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21

      Doubt is a mental state in which the mind remains suspended between two or more contradictory propositions, and is uncertain about them. Doubt on an emotional level is indecision between belief and disbelief. It may involve uncertainty, distrust or lack of conviction on certain facts, actions, motives, or decisions. Doubt can result in delaying or rejecting relevant action out of concern for mistakes or missed opportunities.


      Psychology


      Partial or intermittent negative reinforcement can create an effective climate of fear and doubt.


      Philosophy


      Descartes employed Cartesian doubt as a pre-eminent methodological tool in his fundamental philosophical investigations. Branches of philosophy like logic devote much effort to distinguish the dubious, the probable and the certain. Much of illogic rests on dubious assumptions, dubious data or dubious conclusions, with rhetoric, whitewashing, and deception playing their accustomed roles.
      In his posthumous work On Certainty (OC), Ludwig Wittgenstein describes how our everyday use of the words ‘doubt’ and ‘certainty’ function. The two concepts are interwoven into our daily lives such that if we cannot be certain of any fact, then we cannot be certain of the meaning of our words either. (OC §114).


      Theology



      Doubt as a path towards (deeper) belief lies at the heart of the story of Saint Thomas the Apostle. Note in this respect the theological views of Georg Hermes:

      ... the starting-point and chief principle of every science, and hence of theology also, is not only methodical doubt, but positive doubt. One can believe only what one has perceived to be true from reasonable grounds, and consequently one must have the courage to continue doubting until one has found reliable grounds to satisfy the reason.

      Doubt that god(s) exist may form the basis of agnosticism — the belief that one cannot determine the existence or non-existence of god(s). It may also form other brands of skepticism, such as Pyrrhonism, which do not take a positive stance in regard to the existence of god(s), but remain negative. Alternatively, doubt over the existence of god(s) may lead to acceptance of a particular religion: compare Pascal's Wager. Doubt of a specific theology, scriptural or deistic, may bring into question the truth of that theology's set of beliefs. On the other hand, doubt as to some doctrines but acceptance of others may lead to the growth of heresy and/or the splitting off of sects or groups of thought. Thus proto-Protestants doubted papal authority, and substituted alternative methods of governance in their new (but still recognizably similar) churches.
      Christian existentialists such as Søren Kierkegaard suggest that for one to truly have belief in God, one would also have to doubt one's beliefs about God; the doubt is the rational part of a person's thought involved in weighing evidence, without which the belief would have no real substance. Belief is not a decision based on evidence that, say, certain beliefs about God are true or a certain person is worthy of love. No such evidence could ever be enough to pragmatically justify the kind of total commitment involved in true theological belief or romantic love. Belief involves making that commitment anyway. Kierkegaard thought that to have belief is at the same time to have doubt.


      Law


      Most criminal cases within an adversarial system require that the prosecution proves its contentions beyond a reasonable doubt — a doctrine also called the "burden of proof". This means that the State must present propositions which preclude "reasonable doubt" in the mind of a reasonable person as to the guilt of defendant. Some doubt may persist, but only to the extent that it would not affect a "reasonable person's" belief in the defendant's guilt. If the doubt raised does affect a "reasonable person's" belief, the jury is not satisfied beyond a "reasonable doubt". The jurisprudence of the applicable jurisdiction usually defines the precise meaning of words such as "reasonable" and "doubt" for such purposes.


      Science



      To doubt everything or to believe everything are two equally convenient solutions; both dispense with the necessity of reflection.

      —Henri Poincaré, Science and Hypothesis (1905) (from Dover abridged edition of 1952)
      The scientific method regularly quantifies doubt, and uses it to determine whether further research is needed. Isaac Asimov, in his 1962 essay collection Fact and Fancy, described science as a system for causing and resolving intelligent doubt.
      Charles Peirce saw doubt as the starting point of any scientific investigation.
      Karl Popper deployed scientific doubt as an essential tool: scientists working in the Popperian paradigm doubt any theory so thoroughly that they strive to falsify that theory.


      See also


      Doubting Thomas
      Fear, uncertainty and doubt
      Further research is needed
      List of ethics topics
      Methodic doubt
      Philosophical skepticism
      Question
      Reasonable doubt
      Skepticism
      Self-doubt


      Notes and references




      Further reading


      Berger, Peter L. and Zijderveld, Anton (2009). In Praise of Doubt: How to Have Convictions Without Becoming a Fanatic. New York: HarperOne. ISBN 978-0-06-177816-2. A book by two eminent sociologists, one American and the other Dutch.
      Hecht, Jennifer Michael (2003). Doubt: a history: the great doubters and their legacy of innovation from Socrates and Jesus to Thomas Jefferson and Emily Dickinson. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-009795-7. This book traces the role of doubt through human history, all over the world, particularly regarding religion.
      Hein, David (Winter 2006). "Faith and Doubt in Rose Macaulay's The Towers of Trebizond". Anglican Theological Review 88 (1): 47–68. ISSN 0003-3286.

      Doubt!! GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21

      Doubt!! (Japanese: ダウト!!, Hepburn: Dauto!!) is a Japanese shōjo manga series written and illustrated by Kaneyoshi Izumi. The story follows Ai Maekawa, a teenager who gives herself a total makeover during a school break in a bid to reinvent her image and become popular. It was serialized in Shogakukan's Bessatsu Shōjo Comic magazine from the March 2000 issue to the July 2002 issue. Shogakukan collected the individual chapters into six bound volumes under the Flower Comics imprint. Viz Media licensed the series for an English-language release in North America.


      Synopsis


      Ai Maekawa was a jimi, or country bumpkin, in middle school. After a popular student embarrassed her by flipping her skirt up in public to reveal her unattractive, grandmotherly panties, Ai used the period between middle and high school to carry out a complete makeover. Between dieting, makeup and new clothes, Ai makes herself into a beauty. She enrolls in a school that she thinks no one from her middle school will choose so that she can start over. Imbued with newfound confidence, she decides to openly pursue the most handsome and popular boy in her class, Sô Ichinose. Ai's past is not so easily abandoned, however, and Ai finds out that popularity is more than skin deep as she attempts to win Sô's affections and make friends in a field of doubt.


      Characters


      Ai Maekawa (前川 藍, Maekawa Ai)
      The main protagonist of Doubt! She was originally a jimi, the Japanese equivalent of a geek/nerd/dork, in junior high. After a devastating and embarrassing event she decides to step up her game. A few months before her first year of high school, she says she "manufactures" herself into a beautiful young woman. Now getting everyone's attention she enters a roller coaster of a ride in high school. The very first day of school she meets Sô Ichinose and his friend Yuichiro Kato, known as the two hottest guys in school. Mina Sato doesn't seem to be very happy with Ai after watching her hanging out with the boys too much. She becomes Ai's enemy for the first few chapters, thinking that Ai was trying to hook up with Yūichirō, but after learning that she was actually after Sô, they become the best of friends. By the 2nd volume Ai and Sō enter a relationship. But unfortunately for Ai, things go far from what she had expected when Yūichirō announces that he is in fact in love with her too.
      Sô Ichinose (一ノ瀬 曹, Ichinose Sō)
      The most popular guy in school, who Ai has a crush on. The vulgar, bad guy type. According to him, he lost his virginity at age 12. He dated many girls just for the sake of engaging in sexual intercourse or just because he felt like it. This changes when he starts going out with Ai. He has a pretty harsh life at home. His father, a congressman, is actually not his real father. His mother feels guilty about this and tends to take out her anger on him. Nevertheless he still acts carefree all the time. He has been friends with Yuichiro ever since kindergarten and since then they have been in the same class.
      Yuichiro Kato (加藤 雄一郎, Katō Yūichirō)
      Ichinose's best friend, he seems to have a thing for Ai but hasn't acted on it. Mina's crazy for him but he seems scared of her after the little incident in junior high. He's been friends with Sô for a long time. He is the exact opposite of Sô, he tends to be more like a gentleman and is not a playboy like his friend. The reason he's such a gentleman to girls is because of his mother. She is pretty and though she may look harmless she actually has a deadly side. One time, in the manga when they were having a parent-teacher conference, Mina's mom had teased him about looking adorable. Of course he had snapped and dissed her. His mom quickly changed from sweet and kind to cold and harsh and warned him about disrespecting women. He falls for Ai and later actually tries to steal her away but he decides to back off a little seeing how much she loves Sô.
      Mina Sato (佐藤 美菜, Satō Mina)
      Mina is a trendy "ko-gal". She thought Ai was after Yuichiro, the guy she liked, so she turned the whole girl population against Ai. But later after she finds out Ai likes Ichinose and not Kato they become best friends. The reason why Yuichiro is afraid of her is actually because of an incident that happened when they were left in a classroom together in junior high. Yuichiro had tried to shy away from her though she never stops chasing after him. She is aware of his feelings for Ai. She hates that he does but there's one event in the manga where she tells him to just to tell Ai that he loves her. Mina is usually vulgar like Sô and like Ai said she has a tiger like personality and was ready to pounce any time. Her feelings for Yūichirō are very obvious and she knows so much about him, it almost looks like she's stalking him. Ai even says though Yuichiro will not admit it, Mina and he are very close and share a strong friendship. In fact, Yuichiro and Mina are seen together repeatedly throughout the series having their own private conversations about the events at school.
      Yumi Sakata (坂田 ユミ, Sakata Yumi)
      Ai idolized and envied her in junior high. She was also the one that embarrassed Ai in class and made her turn from a "jimi" (nerd) into a popular girl. She has a reunion with Ai and the two quarrel over Sô's affections.
      Chiharu Hamano (浜野 ちはる, Hamano Chiharu)
      A student teacher who seems to have dated Ichinose in the past. She wants him back and sees Ai as her enemy. She looks like a cute little bunny but her personality is the exact opposite. She's Ai's very first enemy in trying to capture Sô's affections. She leaves for a little while but says that she'll return as a full time teacher. She is extremely manipulative and will not stop at self-harm to get attention from Ichinose. She even throws herself down a flight of stairs in volume 1 and claims Ai pushed her. The author referred to Hamano as "Poisonous" in volume 3.
      Kyoka Fujisawa (藤沢 京華, Fujisawa Kyōka)
      The so called 'Queen' of her college campus. Kyoka is stunningly beautiful and men tend to flock to her. She's one of Sô's ex-girlfriends and Ai's next enemy. She explains to Ai that she can never be the 'only' girl for Sō. She adds that it's somewhat like a sisterhood when you date Sô. Ai declines to 'join' this 'sisterhood' and challenges her. Kyoka refers to Ai as "vanilla" when she first meets her. However, despite Kyoka's snobby attitude, she is actually a very emotionally fragile girl.
      Sakurako
      A girl who Ichinose's parents would like him to date. She has an English father and a Japanese mother. Sô and Sakurako engaged in sexual intercourse together at 15. Unlike Sô's other girlfriends, Sakurako is rather plain and not so physically attractive.
      Shuko
      Sakurako's cruel sister. She is a professional model who has delusions of grandeur. Sô also lost his virginity to her when he was 12 and she was 13.
      Kuma
      Kuma first appears in volume 4 on page 112. He is considered a "beast" due to his hirsutism. Because of his excessive body hair and giant unibrow, his classmates ridicule him. Ai decides to give him a makeover. But then Kuma interprets this act of kindness as love and decides to break up Ai and Sô.
      Mimura
      Mimura makes his appearance in volume 4. He is a new student at Ai's school. He is charming but he is also extremely manipulative and plots to break up Ai and Sô. In volume 6, readers meet his girlfriend Sako.


      Volumes




      References




      External links


      Doubt!! at Viz Media
      Doubt!! (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
      Volume 1 review at Sequential Tart
      Volume 1 review at Manga News (in French)

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    Doubt Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster

    The meaning of DOUBT is to call into question the truth of : to be uncertain or in doubt about. How to use doubt in a sentence. Synonym Discussion of Doubt.

    Doubt (2008 film) - Wikipedia

    Doubt is a 2008 American drama film written and directed by John Patrick Shanley, based on his Pulitzer Prize–winning and Tony Award–winning 2004 stage play Doubt: A Parable. Produced …

    Doubt (2008) - IMDb

    Doubt: Directed by John Patrick Shanley. With Meryl Streep, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Amy Adams, Viola Davis. A Catholic school principal questions a priest's ambiguous relationship …

    DOUBT | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary

    DOUBT definition: 1. (a feeling of) not being certain about something, especially about how good or true it is: 2…. Learn more.

    Doubt - Wikipedia

    Doubt is a mental state in which the mind remains suspended between two or more contradictory propositions, and is uncertain about them. [1] [better source needed] Doubt on an emotional …

    Doubt Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary

    There can be little doubt that smoking is bad for your health. There is no doubt [= question] in my mind that he is the best candidate. She was filled with doubt [= uncertainty] about the future. I …

    Doubt - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms | Vocabulary.com

    Doubt is distrust or suspicion. When your kid sister explains that a robber broke in and ate your entire chocolate stash, most likely you feel doubt.

    Meaning of doubt – Learner’s Dictionary - Cambridge Dictionary

    DOUBT definition: 1. the feeling of not being certain about something, or not trusting someone or something: 2. to…. Learn more.

    DOUBT - Definition & Translations | Collins English Dictionary

    If you have doubt or doubts about something, you feel uncertain about it and do not know whether it is true or possible. If you say you have no doubt about it, you mean that you are certain it is …

    DOUBT definition in American English | Collins English Dictionary

    If you doubt something, or if you doubt whether something is true or possible, you believe that it is probably not true, genuine, or possible. No one doubted his ability.