Electronic component GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21

      An electronic component is any basic discrete electronic device or physical entity part of an electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields. Electronic components are mostly industrial products, available in a singular form and are not to be confused with electrical elements, which are conceptual abstractions representing idealized electronic components and elements. A datasheet for an electronic component is a technical document that provides detailed information about the component's specifications, characteristics, and performance. Discrete circuits are made of individual electronic components that only perform one function each as packaged, which are known as discrete components, although strictly the term discrete component refers to such a component with semiconductor material such as individual transistors.
      Electronic components have a number of electrical terminals or leads. These leads connect to other electrical components, often over wire, to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Basic electronic components may be packaged discretely, as arrays or networks of like components, or integrated inside of packages such as semiconductor integrated circuits, hybrid integrated circuits, or thick film devices. The following list of electronic components focuses on the discrete version of these components, treating such packages as components in their own right.


      Classification


      Components can be classified as passive, active, or electromechanic. The strict physics definition treats passive components as ones that cannot supply energy themselves, whereas a battery would be seen as an active component since it truly acts as a source of energy.
      However, electronic engineers who perform circuit analysis use a more restrictive definition of passivity. When only concerned with the energy of signals, it is convenient to ignore the so-called DC circuit and pretend that the power supplying components such as transistors or integrated circuits is absent (as if each such component had its own battery built in), though it may in reality be supplied by the DC circuit. Then, the analysis only concerns the AC circuit, an abstraction that ignores DC voltages and currents (and the power associated with them) present in the real-life circuit. This fiction, for instance, lets us view an oscillator as "producing energy" even though in reality the oscillator consumes even more energy from a DC power supply, which we have chosen to ignore. Under that restriction, we define the terms as used in circuit analysis as:

      Active components rely on a source of energy (usually from the DC circuit, which we have chosen to ignore) and usually can inject power into a circuit, though this is not part of the definition. Active components include amplifying components such as transistors, triode vacuum tubes (valves), and tunnel diodes.
      Passive components cannot introduce net energy into the circuit. They also cannot rely on a source of power, except for what is available from the (AC) circuit they are connected to. As a consequence, they cannot amplify (increase the power of a signal), although they may increase a voltage or current (such as is done by a transformer or resonant circuit). Passive components include two-terminal components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers.
      Electromechanical components can carry out electrical operations by using moving parts or by using electrical connections.
      Most passive components with more than two terminals can be described in terms of two-port parameters that satisfy the principle of reciprocity—though there are rare exceptions. In contrast, active components (with more than two terminals) generally lack that property.


      Active components




      = Semiconductors

      =


      Transistors


      Transistors were considered the invention of the twentieth century that changed electronic circuits forever. A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power.

      Field-effect transistors (FET)
      MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor FET) – by far the most widely manufactured electronic component (also known as MOS transistor)
      PMOS (p-type MOS)
      NMOS (n-type MOS)
      CMOS (complementary MOS)
      Power MOSFET
      LDMOS (lateral diffused MOSFET)
      MuGFET (multi-gate field-effect transistor)
      FinFET (fin field-effect transistor)
      TFT (thin-film transistor)
      FeFET (ferroelectric field-effect transistor)
      CNTFET (carbon nanotube field-effect transistor)
      JFET (junction field-effect transistor) – N-channel or P-channel
      SIT (static induction transistor)
      MESFET (metal semiconductor FET)
      HEMT (high-electron-mobility transistor)
      Composite transistors
      BiCMOS (bipolar CMOS)
      IGBT (Insulated-gate bipolar transistor)
      Other transistors
      Bipolar junction transistor (BJT, or simply "transistor") – NPN or PNP
      Photo transistor – amplified photodetector
      Darlington transistor – NPN or PNP
      Photo Darlington – amplified photodetector
      Sziklai pair (compound transistor, complementary Darlington)
      Tetrode transistor – is any transistor having four active terminals.
      Thyristors
      Silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) – passes current only after triggered by a sufficient control voltage on its gate
      TRIAC (TRIode for Alternating Current) – bidirectional SCR
      Unijunction transistor (UJT)
      Programmable Unijunction transistor (PUT)
      SITh (static induction thyristor)


      Diodes


      Conduct electricity easily in one direction, among more specific behaviors.

      Diode, rectifier, diode bridge
      Schottky diode (hot carrier diode) – super fast diode with lower forward voltage drop
      Zener diode – allows current to flow "backwards" when a specific set voltage is reached.
      Transient voltage suppression diode (TVS), unipolar or bipolar – used to absorb high-voltage spikes
      Varicap, tuning diode, varactor, variable capacitance diode – a diode whose AC capacitance varies according to the DC voltage applied.

      Laser diode
      Light-emitting diode (LED) – a diode that emits light
      Photodiode – passes current in proportion to incident light
      Avalanche photodiode – photodiode with internal gain
      Solar Cell, photovoltaic cell, PV array or panel – produces power from light
      DIAC (diode for alternating current), Trigger Diode, SIDAC) – often used to trigger an SCR
      Constant-current diode
      Step recovery diode
      Tunnel diode - very fast diode based on quantum mechanical tunneling


      Integrated circuits


      Integrated Circuits can serve a variety of purposes, including acting as a timer, performing digital to analog conversion, performing amplification, or being used for logical operations.

      Integrated circuit (IC)
      MOS integrated circuit (MOS IC)
      Hybrid integrated circuit (hybrid IC)
      Mixed-signal integrated circuit
      Three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC)
      Digital electronics
      Logic gate
      Microcontroller
      Analog circuit
      Hall-effect sensor – senses a magnetic field
      Current sensor – senses a current through it


      Programmable devices


      Programmable logic device
      Field-programmable gate array (FPGA)
      Complex programmable logic device (CPLD)
      Field-programmable analog array (FPAA)


      Optoelectronic devices


      Opto-electronics
      Opto-isolator, opto-coupler, photo-coupler – photodiode, BJT, JFET, SCR, TRIAC, zero-crossing TRIAC, open collector IC, CMOS IC, solid state relay (SSR)
      Slotted optical switch, opto switch, optical switch
      LED display – seven-segment display, sixteen-segment display, dot-matrix display


      = Display technologies

      =
      Current:

      Filament lamp (indicator lamp)
      Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) (preformed characters, 7 segment, starburst)
      Cathode-ray tube (CRT) (dot matrix scan, radial scan (e.g. radar), arbitrary scan (e.g. oscilloscope)) (monochrome & colour)
      LCD (preformed characters, dot matrix) (passive, TFT) (monochrome, colour)
      Neon (individual, 7 segment display)
      LED (individual, 7 segment display, starburst display, dot matrix)
      Split-flap display (numeric, preprinted messages)
      Plasma display (dot matrix)
      OLED (similar to an LCD, but each pixel generates its own light, can be made flexible or transparent)
      Micro-LED (similar to OLED, but uses inorganic LEDs instead of organic ones, does not suffer from screen burn-in, however it cannot be made flexible or transparent)
      Obsolete:

      Incandescent filament 7 segment display (aka 'Numitron')
      Nixie tube
      Dekatron (aka glow transfer tube)
      Magic eye tube indicator
      Penetron (a 2 colour see-through CRT)


      = Vacuum tubes (valves)

      =
      A vacuum tube is based on current conduction through a vacuum (see Vacuum tube).

      Diode or rectifier tube
      Amplification
      Triode
      Tetrode
      Pentode
      Hexode
      Pentagrid (Heptode)
      Octode
      Traveling-wave tube
      Klystron
      Oscillation
      Magnetron
      Reflex klystron (obsolete)
      Carcinotron
      Optical detectors or emitters

      Phototube or photodiode – tube equivalent of semiconductor photodiode
      Photomultiplier tube – phototube with internal gain
      Cathode-ray tube (CRT) or television picture tube (obsolete)
      Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) – modern non-raster sort of small CRT display
      Magic eye tube – small CRT display used as a tuning meter (obsolete)
      X-ray tube – generates x-rays


      = Discharge devices

      =
      Gas discharge tube
      Ignitron
      Thyratron
      Obsolete:

      Mercury arc rectifier
      Voltage regulator tube
      Nixie tube


      = Power sources

      =
      Sources of electrical power:

      Battery – acid- or alkali-based power supply.
      Fuel cell – an electrochemical generator
      Power supply – usually a main hook-up
      Photovoltaic device – generates electricity from light
      Thermoelectric generator – generates electricity from temperature gradients
      Electrical generator – an electromechanical power source
      Piezoelectric generator - generates electricity from mechanical strain
      Van de Graaff generator - generates electricity from friction


      Passive components


      Components incapable of controlling current by means of another electrical signal are called passive devices. Resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers are all considered passive devices.


      = Resistors

      =

      Pass current in proportion to voltage (Ohm's law) and oppose current.

      Resistor – fixed value
      Power resistor – larger to safely dissipate heat generated
      SIP or DIP resistor network – array of resistors in one package
      Variable resistor
      Rheostat – two-terminal variable resistor (often for high power)
      Potentiometer – three-terminal variable resistor (variable voltage divider)
      Trim pot – small potentiometer, usually for internal adjustments
      Thermistor – thermally sensitive resistor whose prime function is to exhibit a large, predictable and precise change in electrical resistance when subjected to a corresponding change in body temperature.
      Humistor – humidity-varied resistor
      Photoresistor
      Memristor
      Varistor, Voltage-dependent resistor, MOV – Passes current when excessive voltage is present
      Resistance wire, Nichrome wire – wire of high-resistance material, often used as a heating element
      Heater – heating element


      = Capacitors

      =

      Capacitors store and release electrical charge. They are used for filtering power supply lines, tuning resonant circuits, and for blocking DC voltages while passing AC signals, among numerous other uses.

      Capacitor
      Integrated capacitors
      MIS capacitor
      Trench capacitor
      Fixed capacitors
      Ceramic capacitor
      Film capacitor
      Electrolytic capacitor
      Aluminum electrolytic capacitor
      Tantalum electrolytic capacitor
      Niobium electrolytic capacitor (Columbium capacitor)
      Polymer capacitor, OS-CON
      Supercapacitor (Electric double-layer capacitor)
      Nanoionic supercapacitor
      Lithium-ion capacitor
      Mica capacitor
      Vacuum capacitor
      Variable capacitor – adjustable capacitance
      Tuning capacitor – variable capacitor for tuning a radio, oscillator, or tuned circuit
      Trimmer capacitor – small variable capacitor for seldom or rare adjustments of LC-circuits
      Vacuum variable capacitor
      Capacitors for special applications
      Power capacitor
      Safety capacitor
      Filter capacitor
      Light-emitting capacitor (LEC)
      Motor capacitor
      Photoflash capacitor
      Reservoir capacitor / Bulk capacitor
      Coupling capacitor
      Decoupling capacitor / Buffer capacitor
      Bypass capacitor
      Pull capacitor / Padding capacitor
      Backup capacitor
      Switched capacitor
      Feedthrough capacitor
      Capacitor network (array)
      Varicap diode – AC capacitance varies according to the DC voltage applied


      = Integrated passive devices

      =
      Integrated passive devices are passive devices integrated within one distinct package. They take up less space than equivalent combinations of discrete components.


      = Magnetic (inductive) devices

      =
      Electrical components that use magnetism in the storage and release of electrical charge through current:

      Inductor, coil, choke
      Variable inductor
      Saturable inductor
      Transformer
      Magnetic amplifier (toroid)
      ferrite impedances, beads
      Motor / Generator
      Solenoid
      Loudspeaker and microphone


      = Memristor

      =
      Electrical components that pass charge in proportion to magnetism or magnetic flux, and have the ability to retain a previous resistive state, hence the name of Memory plus Resistor.

      Memristor


      = Networks

      =
      Components that use more than one type of passive component:

      RC network – forms an RC circuit, used in snubbers
      LC Network – forms an LC circuit, used in tunable transformers and RFI filters.


      = Transducers, sensors, detectors

      =
      Transducers generate physical effects when driven by an electrical signal, or vice versa.
      Sensors (detectors) are transducers that react to environmental conditions by changing their electrical properties or generating an electrical signal.
      The transducers listed here are single electronic components (as opposed to complete assemblies), and are passive (see Semiconductors and Tubes for active ones). Only the most common ones are listed here.
      Audio
      Loudspeaker – Electromagnetic or piezoelectric device to generate full audio
      Buzzer – Electromagnetic or piezoelectric sounder to generate tones
      Position, motion
      Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) – Magnetic – detects linear position
      Rotary encoder, Shaft Encoder – Optical, magnetic, resistive or switches – detects absolute or relative angle or rotational speed
      Inclinometer – Capacitive – detects angle with respect to gravity
      Motion sensor, Vibration sensor
      Flow meter – detects flow in liquid or gas
      Force, torque
      Strain gauge – Piezoelectric or resistive – detects squeezing, stretching, twisting
      Accelerometer – Piezoelectric – detects acceleration, gravity
      Thermal
      Thermocouple, thermopile – Wires that generate a voltage proportional to delta temperature
      Thermistor – Resistor whose resistance changes with temperature, up PTC or down NTC
      Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) – Wire whose resistance changes with temperature
      Bolometer – Device for measuring the power of incident electromagnetic radiation
      Thermal cutoff – Switch that is opened or closed when a set temperature is exceeded
      Magnetic field (see also Hall Effect in semiconductors)
      Magnetometer, Gauss meter
      Humidity
      Hygrometer
      Electromagnetic, light
      Photo resistor – Light dependent resistor (LDR)


      = Antennas

      =
      Antennas transmit or receive radio waves

      Elemental dipole
      Yagi
      Phased array
      Loop antenna
      Parabolic dish
      Log-periodic dipole array
      Biconical
      Feedhorn


      = Assemblies, modules

      =
      Multiple electronic components assembled in a device that is in itself used as a component

      Oscillator
      Display devices
      Liquid crystal display (LCD)
      Digital voltmeters
      Filter


      = Prototyping aids

      =

      Wire-wrap
      Breadboard


      Electromechanical devices




      = Piezoelectric devices, crystals, resonators

      =
      Passive components that use piezoelectric effect:

      Components that use the effect to generate or filter high frequencies
      Crystal – a ceramic crystal used to generate precise frequencies (See the Modules class below for complete oscillators)
      Ceramic resonator – Is a ceramic crystal used to generate semi-precise frequencies
      Ceramic filter – Is a ceramic crystal used to filter a band of frequencies such as in radio receivers
      surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters
      Components that use the effect as mechanical transducers.
      Ultrasonic motor – Electric motor that uses the piezoelectric effects
      For piezo buzzers and microphones, see the Transducer class below


      = Microelectromechanical systems

      =
      Microelectromechanical systems
      Accelerometer
      Digital micromirror device


      = Terminals and connectors

      =
      Devices to make electrical connection

      Terminal
      Connector
      Socket
      Screw terminal, Terminal Blocks
      Pin header


      = Cable assemblies

      =
      Electrical cables with connectors or terminals at their ends

      Power cord
      Patch cord
      Test lead


      = Switches

      =
      Components that can pass current ("closed") or break the current ("open"):

      Switch – Manually operated switch
      Electrical description: SPST, SPDT, DPST, DPDT, NPNT (general)
      Technology: slide switches, toggle switches, rocker switches, rotary switches, pushbutton switches
      Keypad – Array of pushbutton switches
      DIP switch – Small array of switches for internal configuration settings
      Footswitch – Foot-operated switch
      Knife switch – Switch with unenclosed conductors
      Micro switch – Mechanically activated switch with snap action
      Limit switch – Mechanically activated switch to sense limit of motion
      Mercury switch – Switch sensing tilt
      Centrifugal switch – Switch sensing centrifugal force due to rate of rotation
      Relay or contactor – Electro-mechanically operated switch (see also solid state relay above)
      Reed switch – Magnetically activated switch
      Thermostat – Thermally activated switch
      Humidistat – Humidity activated switch
      Circuit breaker – Switch opened in response to excessive current: a resettable fuse
      Disconnector – Switch used in high- and medium-voltage applications for maintenance of other devices or isolation of circuits
      Transfer switch – Switch that toggles a load between two sources


      = Protection devices

      =
      Passive components that protect circuits from excessive currents or voltages:

      Fuse – over-current protection, one time use
      Circuit breaker – resettable fuse in the form of a mechanical switch
      Resettable fuse or PolySwitch – circuit breaker action using solid state device
      Ground-fault protection or residual-current device – circuit breaker sensitive to mains currents passing to ground
      Metal oxide varistor (MOV), surge absorber, TVS – Over-voltage protection
      Inrush current limiter – protection against initial Inrush current
      Gas discharge tube – protection against high voltage surges
      Spark gap – electrodes with a gap to arc over at a high voltage
      Lightning arrester – spark gap used to protect against lightning strikes
      Recloser – automatic switch that opens on an overcurrent (fault) condition, then closes to check if the fault is cleared, and repeats this process a specified number of times before maintaining the open position until it is manually closed
      Arc-fault circuit interrupter – circuit breaker that protects against arcs
      Network protector – protective device that disconnects a distribution transformer when energy flow reverses direction
      Magnetic starter – electromechanical switch used in motors


      = Mechanical accessories

      =
      Enclosure (electrical)
      Heat sink
      Fan


      = Other

      =
      Printed circuit boards
      Lamp
      Waveguide


      = Obsolete

      =
      Carbon amplifier (see Carbon microphones used as amplifiers)
      Carbon arc (negative resistance device)
      Dynamo (historic rf generator)
      Coherer


      Standard symbols



      On a circuit diagram, electronic devices are represented by conventional symbols. Reference designators are applied to the symbols to identify the components.


      See also



      Circuit design
      Circuit diagram
      Operational amplifier
      7400-series integrated circuits
      E-series of preferred numbers
      Lumped element model
      Counterfeit electronic components
      Electrical element
      Electronic mixer
      Electronic components' Datasheets
      IEEE 315-1975
      Solid-state electronics
      History of electronic engineering


      References

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