epiphysis

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      An epiphysis (from Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí) 'on top of' and φύσις (phúsis) 'growth'; pl.: epiphyses) is one of the rounded ends or tips of a long bone that ossify from one or more secondary centers of ossification. Between the epiphysis and diaphysis (the long midsection of the long bone) lies the metaphysis, including the epiphyseal plate (growth plate). During formation of the secondary ossification center, vascular canals (epiphysial canals) stemming from the perichondrium invade the epiphysis, supplying nutrients to the developing secondary centers of ossification. At the joint, the epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage; below that covering is a zone similar to the epiphyseal plate, known as subchondral bone. The epiphysis is mostly found in mammals but it is also present in some lizards. However, the secondary center of ossification may have evolved multiple times, having been found in the Jurassic sphenodont Sapheosaurus as well as in the therapsid Niassodon mfumukasi.
      The epiphysis is filled with red bone marrow, which produces erythrocytes (red blood cells).


      Structure


      There are four types of epiphyses:

      Pressure epiphysis: The region of the long bone that forms the joint is a pressure epiphysis (e.g. the head of the femur, part of the hip joint complex). Pressure epiphyses assist in transmitting the weight of the human body and are the regions of the bone that are under pressure during movement or locomotion. Another example of a pressure epiphysis is the head of the humerus which is part of the shoulder complex. Condyles of femur and tibia also come under the pressure epiphysis.
      Traction epiphysis: The regions of the long bone which are non-articular, i.e. not involved in joint formation. Unlike pressure epiphyses, these regions do not assist in weight transmission. However, their proximity to the pressure epiphysis region means that the supporting ligaments and tendons attach to these areas of the bone. Traction epiphyses ossify later than pressure epiphyses. Examples of traction epiphyses are tubercles of the humerus (greater tubercle and lesser tubercle), and trochanters of the femur (greater and lesser).
      Atavistic epiphysis: A bone that is independent phylogenetically but is fused with another bone in humans. These types of fused bones are called atavistic, e.g., the coracoid process of the scapula, which has been fused in humans, but is separate in four-legged animals. os trigonum (posterior tubercle of talus) is another example for atavistic epiphysis.
      Aberrant epiphysis: These epiphyses are deviations from the norm and are not always present. For example, the epiphysis at the head of the first metacarpal bone and at the base of other metacarpal bones


      = Bones with an epiphysis

      =
      Many bones in the body contain an epiphysis, a region critical for growth and articulation. The humerus, for example, is situated between the shoulder and elbow and contributes significantly to upper limb movement. Below the elbow are the radius and ulna, two bones that run parallel to each other. In anatomical position, the radius is positioned laterally, while the ulna lies medially. Both bones are essential in forelimb structure and motion.
      Distal to the forearm bones are the metacarpal bones, which reside in the forelimb. These bones are located just beyond the wrist and serve as a link to the phalanges, or finger bones, at the end of the limbs.
      In the lower body, the femur is a prominent bone positioned between the hip and knee. As the longest bone in the human body, it plays a pivotal role in forming the upper part of the knee joint. In the lower leg, the tibia and fibula are two parallel bones that complete the lower half of the knee joint. The tibia, located medially, bears most of the body's weight, while the fibula, positioned laterally, is smaller and supports leg structure. Further down the leg are the metatarsal bones, found near the distal end of the hindlimb. These bones are positioned proximal to the toe bones, or phalanges, providing support and structure in the foot.


      = Pseudo-epiphysis

      =

      A pseudo-epiphysis is an epiphysis-looking end of a bone where an epiphysis is not normally located. A pseudo-epiphysis is delineated by a transverse notch, looking similar to a growth plate. However, these transverse notches lack the typical cell columns found in normal growth plates, and do not contribute significantly to longitudinal bone growth. Pseudo-epiphyses are found at the distal end of the first metacarpal bone in 80% of the normal population, and at the proximal end of the second metacarpal in 60%.


      Clinical significance


      Pathologies of the epiphysis include avascular necrosis and osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). OCD involves the subchondral bone.
      Epiphyseal lesions include chondroblastoma and giant-cell tumor.


      Additional images

















      References

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    Epiphysis - Wikipedia

    An epiphysis (from Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí) 'on top of' and φύσις (phúsis) 'growth'; pl.: epiphyses) is one of the rounded ends or tips of a long bone that ossify from one or more secondary centers of ossification.

    Epiphysis - Structure, Appearance, Location, Function

    Jan 17, 2025 · Epiphysis is a term used to refer to the rounded end of a long bone, which is separate from the main shaft of the bone. The epiphysis is composed of a layer of articular cartilage, which covers a layer of spongy bone.

    Epiphysis Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster

    The meaning of EPIPHYSIS is a part or process of a bone that ossifies separately and later becomes ankylosed to the main part of the bone; especially : an end of a long bone.

    7.5: Anatomy of a Long Bone - Biology LibreTexts

    The wider section at each end of the bone is called the epiphysis (plural = epiphyses), which is filled with spongy bone. Red marrow fills the spaces in the spongy bone. Each epiphysis meets the diaphysis at the metaphysis, the narrow area that contains the epiphyseal plate (growth plate), a layer of hyaline (transparent) cartilage in a growing ...

    Epiphysis | definition of epiphysis by Medical dictionary

    epiphysis the ossified part of the end of a mammalian limb bone or vertebra which, during growth, is separated by a plate of cartilage from the rest of the ossified bone. When growth is complete the epiphysis fuses with the rest of the bone. Compare DIAPHYSIS.

    Epiphysis | Definition, Anatomy, & Function | Britannica

    Epiphysis, expanded end of the long bones in animals, which ossifies separately from the bone shaft but becomes fixed to the shaft when full growth is attained. The epiphysis is made of cancellous bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone.

    Epiphysis - Explanation, Types, Bones, Similarities and Differences

    Epiphysis Definition - Epiphysis is the rounded end of a long bone, its primary function is to connect adjacent bones to form joints. The diaphysis, or shaft, of the long bone, is another prominent feature.

    Epiphysis | Radiology Reference Article - Radiopaedia.org

    Jul 5, 2024 · The epiphyses (singular: epiphysis) are the rounded portions at the ends of a bone separated from the metaphysis by the physis. The epiphysis contributes to a joint, compared with an apophysis which is a site of tendon or ligament attachment.

    What is the Difference Between Epiphysis and Diaphysis

    May 10, 2019 · The main difference between epiphysis and diaphysis is that epiphysis is the rounded end of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone(s), whereas diaphysis is the main or midsection (shaft) of a long bone.

    Epiphysis - e-Anatomy - IMAIOS

    The epiphysis is the rounded end of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone (s). Between the epiphysis and diaphysis (the long midsection of the long bone) lies the metaphysis, including the epiphyseal plate (growth plate).