- Pemerintah
- Masyarakat komunis
- Berilah sesuai kemampuan, terimalah sesuai kebutuhan
- Aliran-aliran pemikiran anarkis
- Daftar episode Alvin and the Chipmunks
- From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs
- To each according to his contribution
- Communist society
- Anarchist communism
- Critique of the Gotha Programme
- Melanesian socialism
- Socialist mode of production
- Religious communism
- Collective leadership
- Mutual aid
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From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs GudangMovies21 Rebahinxxi LK21
"From each" target="_blank">each according" target="_blank">according to his" target="_blank">his ability, to each" target="_blank">each according" target="_blank">according to his" target="_blank">his needs" (German: Jeder nach seinen Fähigkeiten, jedem nach seinen Bedürfnissen) is a slogan popularised by Karl Marx in his" target="_blank">his 1875 Critique of the Gotha Programme. The principle refers to free access to and distribution of goods, capital and services. In the Marxist view, such an arrangement will be made possible by the abundance of goods and services that a developed communist system will be capable to produce; the idea is that, with the full development of socialism and unfettered productive forces, there will be enough to satisfy everyone's needs.
Origin of the phrase
The complete paragraph containing Marx's statement of the creed in the Critique of the Gotha Programme is as follows:
Although Marx is popularly thought of as the originator of the phrase, the slogan was common within the socialist movement. The origin of this phrasing has also been attributed to the French utopian Étienne-Gabriel Morelly, who proposed in his" target="_blank">his 1755 Code of Nature Sacred and Fundamental Laws that would tear out the roots of vice and of all the evils of a society, including:
A similar phrase can be found in the Guilford Covenant in 1639:
Some scholars trace the phrase to the New Testament. In Acts of the Apostles the lifestyle of the community of believers in Jerusalem is described as communal (without individual possession), and uses the phrase distribution was made unto every man according" target="_blank">according as he had need (διεδίδετο δὲ ἑκάστῳ καθότι ἄν τις χρείαν εἶχεν):
Other scholars find its origins in the Roman legal concept of obligation in solidum, in which everyone assumes responsibility for anyone who cannot pay his" target="_blank">his debt, and he is conversely responsible for everyone else. James Furner argues:
If x = a disadvantage, and y = action to redress that disadvantage, the principle of solidarity is: if any member of a group acquires x, each" target="_blank">each member has a duty to perform y (if they can assist). All we then need to add, to get to the fundamental principle of developed communism, is to assume that non-satisfaction of a need is a disadvantage. The corresponding principle of solidarity in respect of need says: if any member of society has an unsatisfied need, each" target="_blank">each member has a duty to produce its object (if they can). But that is precisely what the principle 'from each" target="_blank">each according" target="_blank">according to their abilities, to each" target="_blank">each according" target="_blank">according to their needs!' dictates. In Marx's vision, the basic principle of developed communism is a principle of solidarity in respect of need.
Application
Marx delineated the specific conditions under which such a creed would be applicable—a society where technology and social organization had substantially eliminated the need for physical labor in the production of things, where labor has become not only a means of life but life's prime want. Marx explained his" target="_blank">his belief that, in such a society, each" target="_blank">each person would be motivated to work for the good of society despite the absence of a social mechanism compelling them to work, because work would have become a pleasurable and creative activity. Marx intended the initial part of his" target="_blank">his slogan, "from each" target="_blank">each according" target="_blank">according to his" target="_blank">his ability" to suggest not merely that each" target="_blank">each person should work as hard as they can, but that each" target="_blank">each person should best develop their particular talents.
Claiming themselves to be at a "lower stage of communism" (i.e. "socialism", in line with Vladimir Lenin’s terminology), the Soviet Union adapted the formula as: "From each" target="_blank">each according" target="_blank">according to his" target="_blank">his ability, to each" target="_blank">each according" target="_blank">according to his" target="_blank">his work (labour investment)". This was incorporated in Article 12 of the 1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union, but described by Leon Trotsky as an inwardly contradictory, not to say nonsensical, formula.
Criticism
As early as in 1900, Frederick Charles Hicks criticized the concept "according" target="_blank">according to his" target="_blank">his needs" as follows. There are no issues with this principle as long as there is enough of everything for everybody. But this is not the case and probably never will be, because man's wants tend always to outstrip his" target="_blank">his ability to supply them.... [Therefore] it will be necessary to have an agency for determining relative amounts of men's needs. Which will eventually lead to absolutism and slavery.
In popular culture
In Ayn Rand's 1957 pro-capitalist novel Atlas Shrugged, a large and profitable motor company adopted this slogan as its method for determining employee compensation. The system quickly fell prey to corruption and greed, forcing the most capable employees to work overtime in order to satisfy the needs of the least competent and to funnel money to the owners. As a result, the company went bankrupt within four years.
In Margaret Atwood's 1985 novel The Handmaid's Tale, members of a dystopian society recited the phrase thrice daily. Notably the phrase is altered to read "From each" target="_blank">each according" target="_blank">according to her ability; to each" target="_blank">each according" target="_blank">according to his" target="_blank">his need", demonstrating a perversion of the phrase's original intention by Atwood's fictional society.
Mirroring the sentiment of Frederick C. Hicks, in Vladimir Voinovich's 1986 novel Moscow 2042, the slogan was parodied in the context of "communism in one city". In Moscorep (Moscow Communist Republic) Voinovich portrays various hilarious absurdities related to the implementation of the concept of "needs". The concept was introduced as follows: 'I see,' I said. 'But who defines his" target="_blank">his needs? He himself?' – 'But this would be metaphysics, Hegelianism and Kantianism!' exclaimed Propaganda Paramonovna. Further, the protagonist was explained that a man is insufficiently qualified to determine his" target="_blank">his needs and special committees, "Pentagrams", do this.
In Tim Winton's 2024 post-climate-collapse novel Juice, the phrase is used several times as part of the teachings of a resistance group.
See also
References
= Works cited
=Further reading
Carens, Joseph (2003). "An Interpretation of the Socialist Principle of Distribution". Social Philosophy & Policy. 20 (1): 145–77. doi:10.1017/S0265052503201072. S2CID 145468454.
Cohen, G. A. (1995). "Self-ownership, communism, and equality: against the Marxist technological fix". Self-ownership, freedom, and equality. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47751-2.
Gilabert, Pablo (2015). "The Socialist Principle 'From each" target="_blank">Each according" target="_blank">According To Their Abilities, To each" target="_blank">Each according" target="_blank">According To Their Needs'". Journal of Social Philosophy. 46 (2): 197–225. doi:10.1111/josp.12096.
Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich. Marx/Engels Selected Works. Vol. Three. pp. 13–30.
External links
"Critique of the Gotha Programme". (includes Marx's original use of the slogan)
"Encountering Communism: The Theories of Karl Marx".
"Marxism and Ethics".
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Karl Marx Quote: “From each according to his abilities, to each ...
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Karl Marx Quote: “From each according to his abilities, to each ...