hill station

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      A hill station is a town located at a higher elevation than the nearby plain or valley. The English term was originally used mostly in colonial Asia, but also in Africa (albeit rarely), for towns founded by European colonialists as refuges from the summer heat and, as Dale Kennedy observes about the Indian context, "the hill station (...) was seen as an exclusive British preserve: here it was possible to render the Indian into an outsider". The term is still used in present day, particularly in India, which has the largest number of hill stations, most are situated at an altitude of approximately 1,000 to 2,500 metres (3,300 to 8,200 ft).


      History




      = In South Asia

      =
      Nandi Hills is an 11th-century hill station that was developed by the Ganga dynasty in present-day Karnataka, India. Tipu Sultan (1751–1799) notably used it as a summer retreat.
      Hill stations in British India were established for a variety of reasons. One of the first reasons in the early 1800s, was for the place to act as a sanitorium for the ailing family members of British officials. After the rebellion of 1857, the British "sought further distance from what they saw as a disease-ridden land by [escaping] to the Himalayas in the north". Other factors included anxieties about the dangers of life in India, among them "fear of degeneration brought on by too long residence in a debilitating land". The hill stations were meant to reproduce the home country, illustrated in Lord Lytton's statement about Ootacamund in the 1870s as having "such beautiful English rain, such delicious English mud." Shimla was officially made the "summer capital of India" in the 1860s and hill stations "served as vital centres of political and military power, especially after the 1857 revolt."
      As noted by Indian historian Vinay Lal, hill stations in India also served "as spaces for the colonial structuring of a segregational and ontological divide between Indians and Europeans, and as institutional sites of imperial power."
      William Dalrymple wrote that "The viceroy was the spider at the heart of Simla's web: From his chambers in Viceregal Lodge, he pulled the strings of an empire that stretched from Rangoon in the east to Aden in the west." Meanwhile Judith T Kenny observed that "the hill station as a landscape type tied to nineteenth-century discourses of imperialism and climate. Both discourses serve as evidence of a belief in racial difference and, thereby, the imperial hill station reflected and reinforced a framework of meaning that influenced European views of the non-western world in general." The historian of Himalayan cultures Shekhar Pathak speaking about the development of Hill Stations like Mussoorie noted that "the needs of this (European) elite created colonies in Dehradun of Indians to cater to them." This "exclusive, clean, and secure social space – known as an enclave – for white Europeans ... evolved to become the seats of government and foci of elite social activity", and created racial distinctions which perpetuated British colonial power and oppression as Nandini Bhattacharya notes. Dale Kennedy observed that "the hill station, then, was seen as an exclusive British preserve: here it was possible to render the Indian into an outsider".
      Kennedy, following Monika Bührlein, identifies three stages in the evolution of hill stations in India: high refuge, high refuge to hill station, and hill station to town. The first settlements started in the 1820s, primarily as sanitoria. In the 1840s and 1850s, there was a wave of new hill stations, with the main impetus being "places to rest and recuperate from the arduous life on the plains". In the second half of the 19th century, there was a period of consolidation with few new hill stations. In the final phase, "hill stations reached their zenith in the late nineteenth century. The political importance of the official stations was underscored by the inauguration of large and costly public-building projects.": 14 
      The concept of Hill Station has been used loosely in India (and more broadly South Asia) since the mid-20th century to qualify any town or settlement in mountainous areas, which attempt to expand its local economy toward tourism, or have been invested by recent mass tourism practices. Kullu and Manali in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh, are two example of that misuse of Hill Station or more accurately deviation of its meaning. These two historical settlements existed prior to the British, and haven't been specially frequented by them or even extensively modified or shaped by them. However, the rise of internal domestic tourism in India from the eighties and the subsequent reproduction of Hill Station practice by urban middle-class Indians contributed to the labelling of these two localities as Hill Stations. Munnar, a settlement in the state of Kerala whose economy is primarily based on tea cultivation and processing, as well as plantation agriculture, is another example of a hill town transformed by contemporaneous tourism practices as a hill station.


      List of hill stations



      Most hill stations, listed by region:


      = Africa

      =


      Madagascar



      Antsirabe


      Morocco



      Ifrane


      Nigeria


      Jos


      Uganda


      Fort Portal


      = Americas

      =


      Brazil


      Petropolis
      Campos do Jordão


      Costa Rica


      Monteverde


      United States


      Beech Mountain
      Sky Valley, Georgia
      Big Bear Lake, California
      Cloudcroft, New Mexico
      Summerhaven, Arizona


      = Asia

      =


      Bangladesh



      Chittagong
      Sajek Valley
      Bandarban
      Jaflong
      Khagrachari
      Moulvibazar
      Rangamati
      Sreemangal


      Cambodia



      Bokor Hill Station


      China


      Kuling (Guling) in Jiangxi Province
      Mount Mogan
      Mount Jigong
      Guling, Fujian Province
      Beidaihe


      Cyprus



      Platres


      Hong Kong


      Victoria Peak
      Sunset Peak


      India



      Hundreds of hill stations are located in India. The most popular hill stations in India include:


      Indonesia




      Iraq



      Shaqlawa
      Amedi
      Rawanduz
      Sulaymaniyah
      Batifa


      Israel


      Metula
      Safed


      Japan



      Hakone
      Karuizawa
      Nikkō
      Lake Chūzenji


      Jordan



      A few suburbs in Amman:
      Al-Ashrafiya
      Jabal Amman


      Malaysia



      Bukit Larut
      Bukit Tinggi
      Cameron Highlands
      Fraser's Hill
      Kundasang
      Penang Hill


      Myanmar



      Kalaw
      Pyin Oo Lwin
      Taunggyi
      Thandaung


      Nepal




      Pakistan




      Philippines



      Baguio
      Salvador Benedicto
      Mambukal
      Tagaytay
      Sagada
      Malaybalay


      Sri Lanka



      Nuwara Eliya


      Syria



      Bloudan
      Masyaf
      Qadmous
      Zabadani
      Madaya


      Vietnam



      Da Lat
      Sa Pa
      Tam Đảo
      Bà Nà Hills
      Bạch Mã National Park


      = Oceania

      =


      Australia




      = Victoria

      =
      Mount Macedon
      Harrietville


      = South Australia

      =
      Mount Gambier
      Adelaide Hills


      = Queensland

      =
      Toowoomba
      Merewether
      The Gap
      Chapel Hill
      Bardon
      Ferny Grove
      Buderim
      New Auckland
      Mount Archer


      = Western Australia

      =
      Lesmurdie
      Kalamunda
      Jarrahdale
      Bedfordale


      = New South Wales

      =
      Blue Mountains
      Mount Pleasant
      Woonoona
      Kariong
      Illawarra escarpment (Stanwell Tops)
      Prospect Hill (Pemulwuy)
      Terrey Hills
      Berowra Heights


      See also


      Summer colony
      Tierra templada
      Tierra fría
      Plateau
      Tableland
      Mesa


      References




      Bibliography



      Crossette, Barbara. The Great Hill Stations of Asia. ISBN 0-465-01488-7.
      Kennedy, Dane. The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj (Full text, searchable). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. ISBN 0-520-20188-4, ISBN 978-0520201880.


      External links


      Media related to Hill stations at Wikimedia Commons
      The dictionary definition of hill station at Wiktionary
      Hill Stations in Nepal

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