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      Ish-bosheth (Hebrew: אִישׁ־בֹּשֶׁת‎, romanized: ʼĪš-bōšeṯ, "man of shame"), also called Eshbaal (אֶשְׁבַּעַל‎, ’Ešba‘al; alternatively spelled Ishbaal, "man of Baal") was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the second monarch of the Kingdom of Israel. After the death of his father, Saul, Ish-bosheth ascended to the throne and reigned for two years.
      During his reign, Ish-bosheth engaged in a protracted conflict with David, who had been anointed as Saul's successor by the Tribe of Judah. This rivalry between the two leaders shaped the political landscape of the kingdom at the time. The Hebrew Bible recounts that Ish-bosheth's reign was marked by war with David's forces, as both factions vied for control and legitimacy. According to biblical accounts, he was killed by two of his own army captains, Baanah and Rechab, who believed that assassinating Ish-bosheth would earn them favour with David. This act not only brought a premature conclusion to Ish-bosheth's rule but also played a significant role in the subsequent unification of the kingdom under David's leadership.


      Biblical narrative


      In the biblical account, Abner, the captain of Saul's army, proclaimed Ish-bosheth king over Israel at Mahanaim in Transjordan (2 Samuel 2:8), after the slaying of Ish-bosheth's father and brothers in the battle of Gilboa (1 Samuel 31:1). Ish-bosheth was 40 years old at this time and reigned for two years (2 Samuel 2:10).
      However, after the death of King Saul, the tribe of Judah seceded from the rule of the House of Saul by proclaiming David as its king (2 Samuel 2:4), and war ensued (2 Samuel 2:12). David's faction eventually prevailed against Ish-bosheth's (2 Samuel 3:1), but the war continued until Abner joined David (2 Samuel 3:6).
      Before the death of Saul, David had been married to Saul's daughter Michal, Ish-bosheth's sister, until Saul and David had a falling-out and Saul gave her to another man (1 Samuel 25:44). Later, at the conclusion of the war with Ish-bosheth, David's terms for peace required returning Michal to him, and Ish-bosheth complied (2 Samuel 3:14). After Abner's death, Ish-bosheth seems to have given up hope of retaining power (2 Samuel 4:1).
      Two of Ish-bosheth's own army-captains, Rechab and Baanah, assassinated the deposed king, (2 Samuel 4:5) expecting a reward from David for this. David, however, refused to give any commendation for high treason; he had both killers executed and their hands and feet cut off. David's supporters buried the head of Ish-bosheth in Abner's grave at Hebron (2 Samuel 4:12).


      Problem of naming



      The names Ish-bosheth and Eshbaal have ambiguous meanings in the original Hebrew. In Hebrew, Ish-bosheth means "Man of shame". He is also called Eshbaal, in Hebrew meaning "Baal exists", or "fire of Baal".
      Critical scholarship suggests that Bosheth was a substitute for Baʿal, beginning when Baʿal became an unspeakable word; as (in the opposite direction) Adonai became substituted for the ineffable Tetragrammaton (see taboo deformation).


      = As Ish-bosheth

      =
      He is exclusively called Ish-bosheth in the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible:

      Now Abner the son of Ner, captain of Saul's host, had taken Ish-bosheth the son of Saul, and brought him over to Mahanaim; and he made him king over Gilead, and over the Ashurites, and over Jezreel, and over Ephraim, and over Benjamin, and over all Israel. Ish-bosheth Saul's son was forty years old when he began to reign over Israel, and he reigned two years. (2 Samuel 2:8–10, Jewish Publication Society, 1917)
      When he was assassinated and King David punished the killers:

      ... Rechab and Baanah, went, and came about the heat of the day to the house of Ish-bosheth, as he took his rest at noon, and they came into the house, as though they would have fetched wheat; and they struck him in the groin; and Rechab and Baanah his brother escaped. ... And they brought the head of Ish-bosheth to David in Hebron, and said to the king: "Behold the head of Ish-bosheth the son of Saul your enemy, who sought your life; and the Lord has avenged my lord the king this day of Saul, and of his seed." ... And David answered ... "shall I not now require his blood of your hand, and take you away from the earth?" ... But they took the head of Ish-bosheth, and buried it in the grave of Abner in Hebron. (2 Samuel 4:5–12)


      = As Eshbaal

      =
      Meanwhile, in the Books of Chronicles, he is exclusively called Eshbaal:

      And Ner begot Kish; and Kish begot Saul; and Saul begot Jonathan, and Malchi-shua, and Abinadab, and Eshbaal. (1 Chronicles 8:33 and 1 Chronicles 9:39, Jewish Publication Society, 1917)


      Archaeology


      In 2012, according to the Israel Antiquities Authority, archaeologists had discovered a 3,000-year-old inscription on a reconstructed large ceramic jar found in Khirbet Qeiyafa, containing the name "Eshbaal ben Beda". Though this Eshbaal is a different person than the Eshbaal/Ish-bosheth of the Bible, it was the first time the name was discovered in an ancient inscription. It is one of only four Hebrew inscriptions ever discovered dating to the 10th century BC.


      References




      Bibliography




      External links


      Ish-bosheth (Article by: Emil G. Hirsch and M. Seligsohn in Jewish Encyclopedia)
      King Ishbosheth - Biography (Christian view)
      Easton's Bible Dictionary (Ish-bosheth) Archived 2011-05-17 at the Wayback Machine
      "Eshbaʽal Ben Bedaʽ" pottery inscription discovery, from the Time of King David

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    ISH-BOSHETH - JewishEncyclopedia.com

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    Who was Ishbosheth (Ish-Bosheth) in the Bible? - BibleAsk

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    David and Ish-bosheth – Bible Mapper Atlas

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    Ish-bosheth - Wikipedia

    Ish-bosheth (Hebrew: אִישׁ־בֹּשֶׁת ‎, romanized: ʼĪš-bōšeṯ, "man of shame"), also called Eshbaal (אֶשְׁבַּעַל ‎, ’Ešba‘al; alternatively spelled Ishbaal, "man of Baal") was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the second monarch of the Kingdom of Israel.

    What is the story of David and Ish-Bosheth? - GotQuestions.org

    Jan 4, 2022 · What is the story of David and Ish-Bosheth? Ish-Bosheth was a son of King Saul. His story is discussed in 2 Samuel chapters 2 through 4. David was king in the city of Hebron and over the tribe of Judah.

    Ishbosheth | Biography, King David, Bible, Reign, Death, & Facts ...

    Ishbosheth (flourished 11th century bce) was in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament), the fourth son of King Saul and the last representative of his family to be king over Israel (the northern kingdom, as opposed to the southern kingdom of Judah). His name was originally Ishbaal (Esh-baal; 1 Chronicles 8:33 and 9:39), “Man of Baal.”

    Who was Ishbosheth (Ish-Bosheth) in the Bible? - BibleAsk

    Jul 15, 2024 · Ish-Bosheth, whose name means “man of shame” or “man of Baal,” was a character in the Old Testament. He was the son of King Saul, the first king of Israel, and is mentioned in various passages in the Bible. Background and Genealogy: Ish-Bosheth’s story begins with the lineage of King Saul.

    Ish-bosheth Meaning - Bible Definition and References - Bible Study Tools

    Ish-bosheth. man of shame or humiliation, the youngest of Saul's four sons, and the only one who survived him ( 2 Samuel 24-4). His name was originally Eshbaal ( 1 Chronicles 8:33; 9:39). He was about forty years of age when his father and three brothers fell at the battle of Gilboa.

    Topical Bible: Ishbosheth

    Family Background: Ishbosheth was the son of King Saul, the first king of Israel, and his wife Ahinoam. He was the youngest of Saul's four sons. His brothers were Jonathan, Abinadab, and Malchishua.

    ISH-BOSHETH - JewishEncyclopedia.com

    Fourth and youngest son of Saul, and, as the sole male survivor in direct line of descent, his legitimate successor to the throne (II Sam. ii. 8 et seq.). His original name was "Esh-baal (= "man of ba'al" [then, Yhwh]; see I Chron. viii. 33, ix. 39).

    Ish-bosheth - New World Encyclopedia

    Ish-bosheth (also called Eshba'al, Ashba'al, or Ishbaal), was the second king of Israel, succeeding his father Saul after his death at the Battle of Mount Gilboa. He reigned for several years from the city of Mahanaim the late eleventh century B.C.E., facing a civil war led by the future king David and his powerful general Joab.

    Topical Bible: Ish-Bosheth

    Ish-bosheth was the fourth son of King Saul, Israel's first king, and his mother was Ahinoam, the daughter of Ahimaaz (1 Samuel 14:50). He had three brothers: Jonathan, Abinadab, and Malchishua, all of whom died with Saul in the battle against the Philistines on …

    2 Samuel 4 NCV - Ish-Bosheth’s Death - When - Bible Gateway

    Ish-Bosheth’s Death - When Ish-Bosheth son of Saul heard that Abner had died at Hebron, he was shocked and all Israel became frightened. Two men who were captains in Saul’s army came to Ish-Bosheth. One ...