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      • Formal scientists have attempted to combine formal logic (the science of deductively valid inferences or of logical truths) and dialectic (a form of reasoning based upon dialogue of arguments and counter-arguments) through formalisation of dialectic. These attempts include pre-formal and partially formal treatises on argument and dialectic, systems based on defeasible reasoning, and systems based on game semantics and dialogical logic.


      History


      Since the late 20th century, European and American logicians have attempted to provide mathematical foundations for dialectic through formalisation,: 201–372  although logic has been related to dialectic since ancient times.: 51–140  There have been pre-formal and partially-formal treatises on argument and dialectic, from authors such as Stephen Toulmin (The Uses of Argument, 1958),: 203–256  Nicholas Rescher (Dialectics: A Controversy-Oriented Approach to the Theory of Knowledge, 1977),: 330–336  and Frans H. van Eemeren and Rob Grootendorst (pragma-dialectics, 1980s).: 517–614  One can include works of the communities of informal logic and paraconsistent logic.: 373–424 


      Defeasibility


      Building on theories of defeasible reasoning (see John L. Pollock), systems have been built that define well-formedness of arguments, rules governing the process of introducing arguments based on fixed assumptions, and rules for shifting burden.: 615–675  Many of these logics appear in the special area of artificial intelligence and law, though the computer scientists' interest in formalizing dialectic originates in a desire to build decision support and computer-supported collaborative work systems.


      Dialog games



      Dialectic itself can be formalised as moves in a game, where an advocate for the truth of a proposition and an opponent argue.: 301–372  Such games can provide a semantics of logic, one that is very general in applicability.: 314 


      See also


      Argumentation framework
      Argumentation theory
      Logic of argumentation


      References

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