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      Mary Anne Warren (August 23, 1946 – August 9, 2010) was an American writer and philosophy professor, noted for her writings on the issue of abortion and animal rights.


      Biography


      Warren was a professor of philosophy at San Francisco State University for many years. Her essays have sometimes been required readings in academic courses dealing with the abortion debate and they are frequently cited in major publications like Peter Singer's The Moral of the Story: An Anthology of Ethics Through Literature and Bernard Gert's Bioethics: A Systematic Approach. She was sometimes described as a feminist, largely due to her pro-choice writings. Warren also wrote on the implications of sex selection and about animal rights.
      Warren died on August 9, 2010, from cancer, aged 64.


      Criteria of personhood


      In response to whether a thing can be said to be a person, and so have moral standing, Warren suggested the following criteria:

      Sentience -- the capacity to have conscious experiences, usually including the capacity to experience pain and pleasure;
      Emotionality -- the capacity to feel happy, sad, angry, loving, etc.;
      Reason -- the capacity to solve new and relatively complex problems;
      The Capacity to Communicate -- by whatever means, messages of an indefinite variety of types, i.e., not just with an indefinite number of possible contents but on indefinitely many possible topics;
      Self-Awareness -- having a conception of oneself as an individual and/or as a member of a social group;
      Moral Agency -- the capacity to regulate one's own actions though moral principles or ideals.
      She stated that at least some of these are necessary, if not sufficient, criteria for personhood (which is necessary and sufficient for moral standing). She argued that fetuses do not meet any of these criteria; therefore, they are not persons and have no moral standing. Abortion is thus morally permissible. However, some philosophers have criticized Warren's criteria. For instance, Don Marquis charged that Warren's criteria are “…plagued by difficulties concerning cases”.


      Animal rights


      Warren argued for an animal rights position called the "weak animal rights position" in contrast to the strong animal rights position of Tom Regan. Her weak animal rights position held the view that sentience is a sufficient condition for having some sort of moral rights. She stated that although all sentient animals have rights (including the right not without compelling reason to be killed or made to suffer) their rights are not identical in strength to humans and thus can be more easily overridden depending on certain economic or social considerations. One such example she used was killing rodents to protect damage of crops or to prevent the spread of disease that can harm or kill humans. According to Warren:

      Rodents of several species habitually live in proximity to humans. In doing so, they consume and contaminate food, and sometimes spread lethal diseases, such as bubonic plague—the “Black Death” of the Middle Ages, which is carried by fleas that live on rats. Rodents also have extraordinarily high reproductive rates. Thus, while we may be able to tolerate a few rodents in our homes and granaries, a policy of complete tolerance would often lead to disaster.
      Warren argued that as some animals are more sentient and have a greater sense of awareness than others the thesis that all subjects-of-a-life have equal moral status should be rejected. She used the example of the moral status of a spider. She commented that if Regan's view is right then "we are forced to say that either a spider has the same right to life as you and I do, or it has no right to life whatever– and that only the gods know which of these alternatives is true." She stated that Regan's subject-of-a-life criteria provides no clear moral guidance of how to deal with most animals.
      Warren dismissed the notion of equal rights as problematic and defended a "sliding scale of moral status". In her weak animal rights position, animals have different degrees of inherent value depending on their levels of awareness and sentience. Her scale based on levels of sentience and mental ability had human interests above animals and higher order animal interests above lower order animals. According to Warren we have stronger obligations to animals which have higher degrees of mental sophistication and sentience so our obligations to tadpoles and scorpions will be relatively weak compared to apes, dolphins or elephants.
      In 2007, philosopher Aaron Simmons wrote a detailed rebuttal to Warren's weak animal rights position. Simmons concluded that "Warren fails to justify her beliefs that animals do not have an equal right to life and that it is permissible for humans to kill animals for food".


      Select publications


      Books

      Warren, Mary Anne, Gendercide: The Implications of Sex Selection; Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (1985) ISBN 978-0-8476-7330-8
      Warren, Mary Anne, Moral Status - Obligations to Persons and Other Living Things ; Oxford University Press (2000) ISBN 978-0-19-825040-1
      Essays

      Warren, Mary Anne, "On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion". The Monist 57 (1): 43–61, (1973)
      Warren, Mary Anne, "Do Potential People Have Moral Rights?" In R Sikora and B Barry, eds. Obligations to Future Generations. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press,: 14-30, (1978)
      Warren, Mary Anne, "Postscript on Infanticide". Reprinted in Mappes and DeGrazia 2001: 461-463, (1982)
      Warren, Mary Anne, "The Nature of Woman: An Encyclopedia and Guide to the Literature". EdgePress (1980)
      Warren, Mary Anne, "Difficulties With the Strong Animal Rights Position". Between the Species 2 (4): 163-173, (1986).
      "The Moral Significance of Birth". Hypatia 4 (3), Ethics & Reproduction, pp. 46–65, (1989)
      Warren, Mary Anne, "The Moral Difference Between Infanticide and Abortion: A Response to Robert Card". Bioethics, Vol. 14, pp. 352–359 (October 2000)
      Warren, Mary Anne, "The Rights of the Nonhuman World". In Clare Palmer. Animal Rights. Routledge (2017)


      See also


      American philosophy
      List of American philosophers


      References




      External links


      Notice of Mary Anne Warren's death
      Tribute to Mary Anne Warren and David Lee Hull

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    Mary Warren - Discussion on PDB

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    Mary Anne Warren - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

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    Mary Anne Warren Age, Net Worth, Bio, Height [Updated March 2024 ]

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    Mary Warren - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

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    Mary Anne Warren Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images

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    Mary Anne Warren | Official Site for Woman Crush Wednesday #WCW

    Mary Anne Warren | Official Site for Woman Crush Wednesday #WCW

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    Mary Anne Warren - Wikipedia

    Mary Anne Warren (August 23, 1946 [1] – August 9, 2010) was an American writer and philosophy professor, noted for her writings on the issue of abortion and animal rights. Warren was a professor of philosophy at San Francisco State University for many years.

    Mary Anne Warren from Biomedical Ethics. 4th ed. T.A. Mappes and D. DeGrazia, eds. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1996, pp. 434-440. [notes not included] The question which we must answer in order to produce a satisfactory solution to the problem of the moral status of abortion is this: How are we to define the moral community, the set of

    May 26, 2015 · What follows is an outline of Mary Anne Warren’s 1973 piece, “On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion.” It is a classic of the literature and is still reprinted in college textbooks. I will show that the fetus is not a person, and hence not worthy of full moral rights.

    Mary Anne Warren and the Boundaries of the Moral Community

    Mar 4, 2022 · In her important and well-known discussion “On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion,” Mary Anne Warren regrets that “it is not possible to produce a satisfactory defense of a woman’s right to obtain an abortion without showing that the fetus is not a human being, in the morally relevant sense.”

    44 MARY ANNE WARREN who suffer the most as a result of these laws, or else they state that to deny a woman access to abortion is to deprive her of her right to control her own body. Unfortunately, however, the fact that restrict ing access to abortion has tragic side effects does not, in itself, show

    2 / Mary Anne Warren / “On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion” show that if fetuses are human then abortion is properly classified as murder, is an extremely valuable one.

    Mary Anne Warren, Moral Status: Obligations to Persons and …

    Mary Anne Warren, Moral Status: Obligations to Persons and Other Living Things (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), 265 pp. Mary Anne Warren's admirably accessible essay is bound to be met with gratitude on the part of an interested general audience, undergraduates, and anyone attempting to put together a course on the subject (either on

    Abortion and Personhood - University of Colorado Boulder

    1. The Debate Hinges on the Moral Status of the Fetus: Mary Anne Warren begins her discussion of abortion by disagreeing with Judith Thomson. Whereas Thomson stated that, EVEN IF the fetus has a full right to life, abortion is nevertheless permissible, Warren argues that, if fetuses have a full right to life, then arguments in favor of

    Mary Anne Warren - Wikiwand

    Aug 23, 2024 · Mary Anne Warren was an American writer and philosophy professor, noted for her writings on the issue of abortion and animal rights.

    Mary Anne Warren Biography - HowOld.co

    Mary Anne Warren (August 23, 1946 – August 9, 2010) was an American writer and philosophy professor, noted for her writings on the issue of abortion and animal rights. Warren was a professor of philosophy at San Francisco State University for many years.