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      A monofin is a type of swimfin typically used in underwater sports such as finswimming, free-diving and underwater orienteering. It consists of a single or linked surfaces attached to both of the diver's feet, emulating the fluke of Cetaceans like whales or porpoises. Even though the diver's appearance might be reminiscent of a mermaid or merman, monofin swimming is not the same as mermaiding.
      The arrival of the monofin in the early 1970s led to the breaking of all finswimming world records by the end of the decade due to the improved performance possible when used instead of two ordinary swimfins.


      Use


      To differentiate between the use of monofins and conventional fins, the latter are sometimes referred to as stereo fins or bi-fins.
      The monofin swimmer extends arms forward, locking hands together, locking the head between the biceps, in a position known as streamline position. The undulating movement starts in the shoulders, with maximum amplitude towards the hips; the legs almost don't bend to transfer the movement to the monofin. This technique is called the dolphin kick.
      By slowly oscillating the surface of the monofin when submerged, divers can generate large amounts of thrust even with small or slow movements. This preserves energy which helps when breathholding (apnea).
      Monofin kick tempo doesn't have to be slow. In 100 m surface swimming, tempo is around 2 kicks per second.
      Separate from its functional use in swimming or diving, monofins may be used ornamentally, as part of a mermaid costume.


      History



      1949: Kurt Schaefer, who invented an underwater film camera during wartime military service in Italy, designs a pair of homemade swimming fins, which he proceeds to fasten together with straps and cords to create what is probably the world's first monofin. The artefact is on display in the Aquazoo-Löbbecke Museum in the German city of Düsseldorf.
      1955: On 19 September 1955, Kurt Ristau and Hans Joachim Bergann, who founded the underwater diving equipment manufacturing company Barakuda in the early 1950s in the German city of Hamburg after serving as combat swimmers during World War II, file a patent for a monofin-like device for swimmers incorporating both feet. Although the invention receives German patent 1085798 on 12 January 1961, it never enters the production stage.
      1962: On 15 October 1962, James S Christiansen files a patent for a device enabling a pair of swimming fins to be coupled together to reduce fatigue and cramping during prolonged swimming. Although the detachable coupling converting the separate swimming fins into a monofin-like design is granted US patent 3165764A on 19 January 1965, it does not appear to have entered the production stage.
      1967: In his review of the range of fins available in France during that year, J. Larue mentions how unnamed experts are experimenting with the use of a single swim fin accommodating both feet of the swimmer, who deploys the butterfly stroke to progress in the water. Although the experiment yields relatively satisfactory results for swimmers, Larue concludes that this fin is unsuitable for divers.
      1969: Franco Pavone constructs his "Matrimoniale" monofin in the Italian city of Bologna. After designing a high-speed monofin with a metal-reinforced rubber blade, Boris Porotov (Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic) builds an entire blade out of fibreglass-reinforced plastic.
      1970: On 10 December 1970, Spanish underwater diving equipment company Nemrod-Metzeler patents a monofin-like device for swimmers incorporating both feet, but it never enters production.
      1971: Nadejda Turukalo (USSR) arrives at European Finswimming Championship (1970, Barcelona, Spain) with a monofin constructed from two titanium branches, joined by a "sail". She beats all comers. Monofins have been used ever since for finswimming competitions, allowing monofin swimmers to reach speeds of 12 km/h. Traditional monofin 50 m apnea world record is as fast as 13 km/h.


      Construction



      Monofins can be made of glass fiber, carbon fiber, or aluminum, and rubber. The diver's muscle power, swimming style, and the type of aquatic activity the monofin is used for determine the choice of size, stiffness, and materials.
      Most monofins consist of a single, wide, glass or carbon fiber reinforced composite blade with graded flexibility, attached to the diver by two rubber foot pockets. The leading edge may be thickened and faired. The blade flexibility is generally controlled by tapering the amount of fibre and thickness of the blade to make the trailing edge thinner and more flexible.


      See also


      Mermaiding – Swimming dressed in a mermaid costume


      References




      External links



      Good monofin technique with the Lunocet
      Rick Waldock: Monofin - freediving in Bonaire
      Monofin Manufacturers

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    Homemade monofin/footpocket - DeeperBlue.com Forums

    Sep 20, 2005 · My fin seem to work quite nicely and in the future I do want to try the $28 monofin, namely 2' x 3' out of Lexan, once I get the technique improved upon. A question to confirm what I already expect. The bigger/longer the fin the more power it will take to move the fin and the more power the fin will deliver, correct.

    What's the best most durable and comfortable monofin?

    Aug 17, 2015 · I still think a Pilot is the ideal match to your requirements, given your list of what you want from your monofin. However, if you are wanting a hyperfin that does as well as a hyperfin can match your requirements, I've heard many …

    Monofin history - DeeperBlue.com Forums

    Apr 17, 2019 · This was the first test of the future sports monofin in serious competitions. Filming Tikhonenko swimming under water, Boris Porotov noted that this was not a good solution to finning, but he also realised his mistake and thinned down the fin tip. In the spring of 1969, in a new modernized monofin, Nadezhda Turukalo began a victory march.

    best monofin for speed finswimming | DeeperBlue.com Forums

    May 31, 2010 · Hey guys i am new in finswimming but my coach says i am very potentional.i started 2 months ago and i bought a rocketfin with medium blade which is very comfortable.i know that i need a new monofin with my upcoming races.my races will be 50 apnoe,50 & 100 surface and maybe 100 underwater.what...

    DOL-FIN HP as first monofin - forums.deeperblue.com

    Mar 7, 2012 · My first monofin I trained for several months was the Dolphin classic-- essentially the HP without the curved-wing attachments on the foil ends. (surely the Dolfin as seen in the cool video above was the DolFin Orca because of the special and improved encapsulated foot pocket).

    monofin blade stiffness | DeeperBlue.com Forums

    Apr 26, 2002 · It's almost impossible to get a monofin that suits without trying several fins before. That's a shame but it's a fact:waterwork I design my own blades and I use very tight footpockets and the blades are softer than WW M2 LD, but the performance is the best I've tried. The best advice I can give is;-Fine tune your technique.-Try every fin you can.

    What happened to Lunocet Monofins? | DeeperBlue.com Forums

    Feb 23, 2012 · With a monofin, I can do a 100m in a 25m pool in 41 seconds. With the lunocet, I would struggle to get much under that time for a 50m. Effort, breath-hold and discomfort for the two swims would be comparable. I tried a few different kick styles with it and found anything remotely traditional from swimming or finswimming was useless.

    monofin & spearfishing , OK - DeeperBlue.com Forums

    Nov 8, 2001 · Turned out, monofin propulsion efficiency, combined with arms on the float, snorkel-in face-down position, all worked sweet, and I had a great spearfishing outings. My area opened up quite a bit and I found interesting new fishing grounds. Maneuvering on the bottom with monofin is not intuitive, but I am getting better.

    Monofin for beginner (finswimming/ freediving)

    May 14, 2014 · I'm going to buy my first Monofin. I will use it mainly for Finswimming (training for sprint) and some Freediving. I am a athletic swimmer with a good experience in dolphin kick. My question is which monofin is good for me. I am thinking about-waterway model 1 or nemo-leaderfins hyper-triton delfin - or your suggestion

    Use of Monofin with a bad back | DeeperBlue.com Forums

    Sep 20, 2014 · Arthritis is a joint issue, and while proper monofin technique will strengthen the torso and back, muscle strength and joint pain are two different things. Just the same, monofin is a lot of fun and I cannot discourage you from trying it. Borrow one if you can, or buy an inexpensive one to see how it goes.