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      The Puget Sound region is a coastal area of the Pacific Northwest in the U.S. state of Washington, including Puget Sound, the Puget Sound lowlands, and the surrounding region roughly west of the Cascade Range and east of the Olympic Mountains. It is characterized by a complex array of saltwater bays, islands, and peninsulas carved out by prehistoric glaciers.
      Poet Robert Sund called the Puget Sound region "Ish River country", owing to its numerous rivers with names ending in "ish", such as the Duwamish, Samish, Sammamish, Skokomish, Skykomish, Snohomish, and the Stillaguamish. The ish ending is from Salishan languages and means "people of".


      History



      The Puget Sound region was formed by the collision and attachment of many terranes ("microcontinents") to the North American plate between about 50 to 10 million years ago. About 15,000 years ago during the Vashon Glaciation, the Puget Sound region was covered by a lobe of the Cordilleran ice sheet. The glacier that covered the area was about 3,000 feet (900 m) thick within the vicinity of Seattle. By the time Captain George Vancouver found the Sound in 1792, early native people had already been there for over 5,000 years.
      Logging started as early as 1853. In the 1880s logging railroads cut their way into Puget Sound. 1886 the St. Helens fire burned 300,000 acres (1,200 km2). Mount Rainier National Park started in 1899. The 1902 Yacolt Burn burned 600,000 acres (2,400 km2). Olympic National Park was established in 1938.
      George Vancouver explored Puget sound in 1792. Vancouver claimed it for Great Britain on June 4, 1792, naming it for one of his officers, Lieutenant Peter Puget. It became part of the Oregon Country, and became U.S. territory when the 1846 Oregon Treaty was signed.
      After arriving along the Oregon Trail, many settlers wandered north to what is now Washington and settled the Puget Sound area. The first non-indigenous settlement was New Market (now known as Tumwater) in 1846. In 1853 Washington Territory was formed from part of Oregon Territory. In 1888 the Northern Pacific railroad line reached Puget Sound, linking the region to eastern states.
      For a long period Tacoma was noted for its large smelters where gold, silver, copper and lead ores were treated. Seattle was the primary port for trade with Alaska and the rest of the country and for a time possessed a large shipbuilding industry. The region around eastern Puget Sound developed heavy industry during the period including World War I and World War II, and the Boeing Company became established in the area.
      During World War II the Puget Sound area became a focus for the war industry, with Boeing producing many of the nation's heavy bombers and the ports of Seattle, Bremerton and Tacoma available for shipbuilding. The most important yards in the Sound during World War II were Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding's Seattle and Tacoma yards, also known as Todd Pacific, Todd Seattle and Todd Tacoma and the Puget Sound Navy Yard. They produced a significant portion of destroyers and escort carriers. Smaller operations included Winslow, Associated Shipbuilders and the Lake Washington Shipyard.
      Since 1995, Puget Sound has been recognized as an American Viticultural Area by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau.


      Political geography



      The urban region designated the Puget Sound Region is centered on Seattle and consists of nine counties, two urban center cities and four satellite cities making up what has been dubbed "Pugetopolis." Both urban core cities have large industrial areas and seaports plus a high-rise central business district. The satellite cities are primarily suburban, featuring a small downtown core and a small industrial area or port. The suburbs consist mostly of residences, strip malls, and shopping centers. The region is also home to numerous ports. The two largest and busiest are the Port of Seattle and Port of Tacoma, which, if combined, comprise the third largest container port in North America after Los Angeles/Long Beach and New York/New Jersey.
      As defined by the U.S. Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget, the Seattle metropolitan area is officially the Seattle–Tacoma–Bellevue, WA metropolitan statistical area (MSA) and consists of:

      Everett metropolitan division
      Snohomish County: north of Seattle
      Seattle–Bellevue–Kent metropolitan division
      King County: Seattle and its immediate vicinity
      Tacoma–Lakewood metropolitan division
      Pierce County: south of Seattle
      Based on commuting patterns, the adjacent metropolitan areas of Olympia, Bremerton, and Mount Vernon, along with a few smaller satellite urban areas, are grouped together in a wider labor market region known as the Seattle–Tacoma combined statistical area (CSA), which encompasses most of the Puget Sound region. The population of this wider region is 4,269,349—almost two-thirds of Washington's population—as of 2012. The Seattle CSA is the 12th largest CSA, and the 13th largest primary census statistical area in the country. The additional metropolitan and micropolitan areas included are:

      Bremerton–Silverdale–Port Orchard metropolitan area
      Kitsap County: west of Seattle, separated from the city by Puget Sound; connected to Seattle by ferry and to Tacoma by the Tacoma Narrows Bridge
      Centralia micropolitan area
      Lewis County: south of Olympia
      Mount Vernon–Anacortes metropolitan area
      Skagit County
      Oak Harbor micropolitan area
      Island County: northwest of Everett, encompassing Whidbey and Camano Islands in Puget Sound
      Olympia–Lacey–Tumwater metropolitan area
      Thurston County: southwest of Seattle, at the south end of Puget Sound
      Shelton micropolitan area
      Mason County: west of Tacoma and northwest of Olympia
      A state-run ferry system, Washington State Ferries, connects the larger islands to the Washington mainland, as well as both sides of the sound, allowing cars and people to move about the greater Puget Sound region.


      Climate


      The region has a Csb (warm summer mediterranean) climate with some areas in the far east (western foothills of the Cascades) having an oceanic (Cfb) climate if the 30 millimetres (1.2 in) isohyet is used. The wet season is from October to April and is due to the Aleutian Low coming in from the northwest, and variation in winter rain from year to year is mostly due to variation in the strength of the Aleutian Low (strong = dry and weak = wet). The dry season (May-Sep) is caused by a subtropical high moving north from California. The driest part of the region is in the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains around Sequim and Whidbey Island, receiving 40-75 cm of precipitation per year. The wettest part is in the foothills of both the Cascade and the Olympic Mts, and on the west side of the Sound, receiving 125-1000+ cm of precipitation per year.


      Flora and fauna



      North Pacific Oak Woodland is one of the principal plant associations of the Puget Trough, where many of the soils are well drained mesic.


      Places


      Counties of the Puget Sound region:

      Island County
      Jefferson County
      King County
      Kitsap County
      Mason County
      Pierce County
      Skagit County
      Snohomish County
      Thurston County
      In addition, the San Juan Islands (all of San Juan County plus a few islands belonging to Whatcom County) are often considered part of the greater Puget Sound area.
      Prominent islands:

      Anderson Island
      Bainbridge Island
      Blake Island
      Camano Island
      Fidalgo Island
      Fox Island
      Harstine Island
      Herron Island
      Indian Island
      Marrowstone Island
      Maury Island
      McNeil Island
      Mercer Island
      Squaxin Island
      Vashon Island
      Whidbey Island

      Urban centers:

      Seattle
      Tacoma
      Olympia
      Everett
      Satellite cities:

      Bellevue
      Bremerton
      Other principal cities:

      Auburn
      Edmonds
      Federal Way
      Kent
      Kirkland
      Lakewood
      Lynnwood
      Marysville
      Mount Vernon
      Oak Harbor
      Puyallup
      Redmond
      Renton
      Shoreline
      Military bases:

      Joint Base Lewis–McChord
      Camp Murray
      Naval Station Everett
      Naval Base Kitsap
      Bangor Annex
      Bremerton Annex
      Puget Sound Naval Shipyard
      Naval Air Station Whidbey Island


      See also


      Puget Sound
      Puget Sound AVA (American Viticultural Area)
      Seattle metropolitan area
      Peter Puget


      Notes




      References




      Further reading


      Jones, M.A. (1999). Geologic framework for the Puget Sound aquifer system, Washington and British Columbia [U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1424]. Reston, VA: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
      Prosser, William Farrand (1903). A history of the Puget Sound country : its resources, its commerce and its people : with some reference to discoveries and explorations in North America from the time of Christopher Columbus down to that of George Vancouver in 1792, when the beauty, richness and vast commercial advantages of this region were first made known to the world. Lewis Pub. Co. Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection


      External links


      Puget Sound Regional Council: The four-county regional coordination and planning organization for the Puget Sound region. It is charged with transportation, land use, and economic development planning for the region.
      Prosperity Partnership: An award-winning economic development coalition, dedicated to growing jobs and securing long-term prosperity in the Puget Sound region.
      University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Oliver S. Van Olinda Photographs: A collection of 420 photographs depicting life on Vashon Island, Whidbey Island, Seattle, and other communities of Washington State's Puget Sound from the 1880s through the 1930s.
      Pacific Science Center: Geology of Puget Sound
      USGS: Puget Sound earthquake origins
      Features Of Puget Sound Region: Oceanography And Physical Processes, Chapter 3 of the State of the Nearshore Report, King County Department of Natural Resources, Seattle, Washington, 2001.

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