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      The ten stages of genocide, formerly the eight stages of genocide, is an academic tool and a policy model which was created by Gregory Stanton, former research professor and founding president of Genocide Watch, in order to explain how genocides occur. The stages of genocide are not linear, and as a result, several of them may occur simultaneously. Stanton's stages are a conceptual model with no real-world sampling for analyzing the events and processes that lead to genocides, and they are also a model for determining preventative measures.
      In 1996, Stanton presented a briefing paper called "The 8 Stages of Genocide" to the United States Department of State. In the paper, he suggested that genocides occur in eight stages that are "predictable but not inexorable". He presented it shortly after studying the Holocaust, the Cambodian genocide, the Armenian Genocide, and other genocides. The suggested intervention measures were ones that the United States government and NATO could implement or influence other European nations to implement including military invasion.
      Stanton first conceived and published the model in the 1987 Faulds Lecture at Warren Wilson College, also presented to the American Anthropological Association in 1987. In 2012, he added two additional stages, discrimination and persecution.
      Stanton's model is widely used in the teaching of comparative genocide studies in a variety of settings, ranging from university courses to museum education, settings which include the Dallas Holocaust and Human Rights Museum.


      Ten stages of genocide


      The first stage, classification, involves the division of people into "us" and "them" based on perceived differences such as ethnicity, religion, or nationality. This creates a sense of superiority within the dominant group and dehumanizes the targeted group, laying the groundwork for further atrocities.. The next stages, symbolization and dehumanization, involve the assignment of labels and stereotypes to the targeted group that reinforce their inferior status in the eyes of the perpetrators. This can manifest in the form of hate symbols, propaganda, or incendiary speech that seeks to justify violence against the targeted group. These stages are often followed by organization, polarization, and preparation, where the perpetrators mobilize support for their genocidal campaign, by way of persecution, to isolate and marginalize the targeted group, and plan and execute extermination of the members and finally denial of any crimes.


      Analysis


      Other genocide scholars have focused on the cultural and political conditions that lead to genocides. Sociologist Helen Fein showed that pre-existing antisemitism was correlated with the percentage of Jews who were killed in European countries during the Holocaust. Political scientists such as Dr. Barbara Harff have identified political characteristics of states that statistically correlate with risk of genocide: prior genocides with impunity, political upheaval, exclusionary ideology, autocracy, closed borders, and massive violations of human rights.
      Stanton's model places the risk factors in Harff's analysis into a processual structure. For instance:

      Political instability is a characteristic of what Leo Kuper called "divided societies" with deep rifts, as in classification.
      Naming and identifying members of the group occurs through symbolization.
      Groups targeted by the state are victims of discrimination.
      An exclusionary ideology is central to dehumanization.
      Autocratic regimes foster the organization of hate groups.
      An ethnically polarized elite is characteristic of polarization.
      Lack of openness to trade and other influences from outside a state's borders is characteristic of preparation.
      Massive violations of human rights are examples of persecution.
      Extermination of the group in whole or in part legally constitutes genocide.
      Impunity after previous genocides is evidence of denial.
      Stanton has suggested that "ultimately, the best antidote to genocide is popular education and the development of social and cultural tolerance for diversity."


      See also


      Risk factors for genocide
      Genocide education
      Genocide prevention
      Genocide studies
      Anne Frank Human Rights Memorial
      Holodomor Genocide Memorial
      Psychology of genocide
      United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
      Yad Vashem


      Notes




      References




      Further reading


      "Ten Stages of Genocide". genocidewatch. Retrieved 2021-09-07.

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    Genocide Watch- Ten Stages of Genocide

    In my studies of genocide, I discovered that the process of every genocide has predictable "stages" or processes. After studying the history of the Holocaust, the Armenian Genocide, the Cambodian Genocide, and other genocides, in 1987 I developed a model known as the Ten Stages of Genocide.

    Genocide Watch | genocide prevention

    Genocide Watch exists to predict, prevent, stop, and punish genocide and other forms of mass murder. We seek to raise awareness and influence public policy concerning potential and actual genocide. Our purpose is to build an international movement to prevent and stop genocide.

    What are the 10 stages of genocide?

    Jul 10, 2020 · In the nineties, American genocide scholar Gregory H Stanton, examined the stages of genocide, which eventually became his "10 stages of genocide" theory. Genocide is not committed by a small group of individuals, rather a large number of people and the state all contribute to genocide.

    The Ten Stages of Genocide in India - Part One

    Sep 30, 2024 · In a ten-part blog series, we will explain the ten unfolding stages of genocide observable in India. We will provide actionable recommendations to prevent genocide in India.

    The Ten Stages of Genocide in India - Part Two

    Oct 14, 2024 · 1. India is a state party to the 1948 Genocide Convention. India needs to enforce its anti-hate speech laws and prosecute Hindutva leaders’ calls for genocide against Muslims.

    A 2015 Genocide Warning: Applying Stanton's 10 Stages to the …

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    Dr. Stanton - The 10 Stages of Genocide that threaten India

    Mar 10, 2024 · Dr. Gregory Stanton, Founding President of Genocide Watch, explains how many of the Ten Stages of Genocide are already present in India, and why the genocidal process must be stopped.

    The Ten Stages of Genocide in India - Part Three

    Nov 18, 2024 · In the first two parts of this Ten Stages of Genocide in India Series, we analyzed how classification and symbolization are used to identify minority groups in India. These preliminary processes enable genocide process/stage 3: Discrimination. In part three, we explain how this process/stage of genocide is occurring in India.

    What are the 10 stages of genocide?

    Jul 11, 2019 · In the nineties, genocide scholar Gregory H Stanton, an American, examined the stages of genocide, which eventually became his "10 stages of genocide" theory. Genocide is not committed by a small group of individuals, rather a large number of people and the state all contribute to genocide.

    Genocide Watch Country Report: Guatemala

    Feb 19, 2021 · During the Guatemalan Genocide all of the Ten Stages of Genocide were evident. Today Guatemala is at Stages 3: Discrimination and 8: Persecution against Mayan people. Guatemalan leaders are at Stage 10: Denial due to failure to prosecute the architects and perpetrators of the Guatemalan genocide.