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    • Source: Canon of Kings

      • The Canon of Kings was a dated list of kings used by ancient astronomers as a convenient means to date astronomical phenomena, such as eclipses. For a period, the Canon was preserved by the astronomer Claudius Ptolemy, and is thus known sometimes as Ptolemy's Canon. It is one of the most important bases for our knowledge of ancient chronology.
      The Canon derives originally from Babylonian sources. Thus, it lists Kings of Babylon from 747 BC until the conquest of Babylon by Achaemenid Persians in 539 BC, and then Persian kings from 538 to 332 BC. At this point, the Canon was continued by Greek astronomers in Alexandria, and lists the Macedonian kings from 331 to 305 BC, the Ptolemies from 304 BC to 30 BC, and the Roman and Byzantine Emperors, although they are not kings; in some manuscripts the list is continued down to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.
      The Canon only increments by whole years, specifically the ancient Egyptian year of 365 days. This has two consequences. The first is that the dates for when monarchs began and ended their reigns are simplified to the beginning and the ending of the ancient Egyptian year, which moves one day every four years against the Julian calendar. The second is that this list of monarchs is simplified. Monarchs who reigned for less than one year are not listed, and only one monarch is listed in any year with multiple monarchs. Usually, the overlapping year is assigned to the monarch who died in that year, but not always. Note that the two periods in the Babylonian section where no king is listed the first represents two pretenders whose legitimacy the compiler did not recognize, and the second extends from the year Babylon was sacked by Sennacherib, King of Assyria to the restoration of Esarhaddon.
      The Canon is generally considered by historians to be accurate, and forms part of the backbone of the commonly accepted chronology from 747 BC forward that all other datings are synchronized to. It is not, however, the ultimate source for this chronology; most of the names and lengths of reigns can be independently verified from archaeological material (coinage, annals, inscriptions in stone etc.) and extant works of history from the historical ages concerned.


      Babylonian Kings, 747–539 BC


      Nabonassar (Nabonassáros): 747–734 BC
      Nabu-nadin-zeri (Nadíos): 733–732 BC
      Nabu-mukin-zeri (Khinzêr) and Pulu (Póros): 731–727 BC
      Ululas (Iloulaíos): 726–722 BC
      Marduk-apla-iddina II (Mardokempádos): 721–710 BC
      Sargon II (Arkeanós): 709–705 BC
      no kings: 704–703 BC
      Bel-ibni (Bilíbos): 702–700 BC
      Ashur-nadin-shumi (Aparanadíos): 699–694 BC
      Nergal-ushezib (Rhegebélos): 693 BC
      Mushezib-Marduk (Mesêsimordákos): 692–689 BC
      no kings: 688–681 BC
      Esarhaddon (Asaradínos): 680–668 BC
      Shamash-shum-ukin (Saosdoukhínos): 667–648 BC
      Kandalanu (Kinêladános): 647–626 BC
      Nabopolassar (Nabopolassáros): 625–605 BC
      Nebuchadrezzar II (Nabokolassáros): 604–562 BC
      Amel-Marduk (Illoaroudámos): 561–560 BC
      Neriglissar (Nêrigasolassáros): 559–556 BC
      Nabonidus (Nabonadíos): 555–539 BC


      Persian Kings, 538–332 BC


      Cyrus: 538–530 BC
      Cambyses: 529–522 BC
      Darius I: 521–486 BC
      Xerxes I: 485–465 BC
      Artaxerxes I (Longimanus): 464–424 BC
      Darius II: 423–405 BC
      Artaxerxes II (Mnemon): 404–359 BC
      Artaxerxes III (Ochus): 358–338 BC
      Arses (Arogus): 337–336 BC
      Darius III: 335–332 BC


      Macedonian Kings, 331–305 BC


      Alexander the Great: 331–324 BC
      Philip III: 323–317 BC
      Alexander IV: 316–305 BC


      Ptolemies of Egypt, 304–30 BC


      Ptolemy I Soter (Ptolemy, son of Lagus): 304–285 BC
      Ptolemy II Philadelphus: 284–247 BC
      Ptolemy III Euergetes: 246–222 BC
      Ptolemy IV Philopator: 221–205 BC
      Ptolemy V Epiphanes: 204–181 BC
      Ptolemy VI Philometor: 180–146 BC
      Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II: 145–117 BC
      Ptolemy IX Soter II: 116–81 BC
      Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysus: 80–52 BC
      Cleopatra Thea Philopator: 51–30 BC


      Roman Emperors, 29 BC–160 AD


      Augustus: 29 BC–14 AD
      Tiberius: 15–36
      Gaius: 37–40
      Claudius: 41–54
      Nero: 55–68
      Vespasian: 69–78
      Titus: 79–81
      Domitian: 82–96
      Nerva: 97
      Trajan: 98–116
      Hadrian: 117–137
      Aelius Antoninus: 138–160


      Notes and sources


      Notes

      References

      Sources
      Reprint of the Canon in Ginzel, Friedrich Karl (1906). Handbuch der Mathematischen und Technischen Chronologie (in Greek and German). Vol. 1. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. p. 139. At the Internet Archive.


      See also


      List of lists of ancient kings
      Mesopotamia in Classical literature
      Chronology of the ancient Near East


      External links


      Explanation of Ptolemy's Canon

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