• Source: Hong Kong nationalism

      • Hong Kong nationalism (Chinese: 香港民族主義 or 香港主義) is a system of thought that spans the folklore, culture, history, geography, society, and politics of Hong Kong. Hong Kong nationalism is generally considered a new phenomenon. The self-identification of the Hong Kong people had only been considered nationalism when the local discourse developed claims of self-determination, autonomy and varying degrees of separation from China.
      Hong Kong nationalism is a strong desire to protect democracy in Hong Kong, it is values opposition to mainlandization and local Hong Kong identity. Many Hong Kong nationalists are opposed to Chinese state nationalism (中國國家主義).


      History



      Tens of thousands moved to Hong Kong in 1949 to escape the Chinese Communist Revolution. The population of Hong Kong increased from 1.8 million in 1947 to 2.2 million in 1951. As mainland Chinese fled to Hong Kong over the next 30 years, the population of Hong Kong increased by 1 million every 10 years. Those who experienced hunger and political struggle under the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) internalized stronger anti-communist sentiments than Hong Kongers who did not experience CCP rule.
      Distinct Hong Kong identity existed from the 1970s, but Hong Kong nationalist sentiment did not appear significantly until the Tiananmen massacre of 1989. The Tiananmen massacre and the pro-democracy movement in colonial Hong Kong strengthened feelings of division between Hong Kong and mainland China.
      Since the 2010s, the Hong Kong nationalist movement has emerged as the "localist camp".


      View of the United Kingdom



      In the mid-20th century, anti-colonial Hong Kong nationalism was critical of British imperialism. It distinguished itself from Chinese nationalism and advocated regional characteristics such as Cantonese. Today however, some Hong Kong nationalists romanticize British Hong Kong as a consequence of their antipathy towards the mainland Chinese government.


      Pro-Taiwanese sentiment



      The Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict and the Umbrella Revolution reminded many Hong Kongers of the February 28 incident and the Sunflower Movement in Taiwan. Some young Hong Kongers have begun to support Hong Kong independence, showing a more favorable attitude towards Taiwanese independence.


      Hong Kong independence



      The Hong Kong independence movement is part of Hong Kong nationalism. Hong Kong independence activists reject "one country, two systems" (一國兩制) and support "two countries, two systems" (兩國兩制). The Hong Kong independence movement belongs to the 'radicals' even within the localist camp.


      Criticism



      Some media outlets have criticized the anti-mainland China sentiment that exists inside Hong Kong's pro-democracy movement. The more Hong Kong democracy activists employ anti-mainland rhetoric, rather than anti-oppression or anti-autocracy rhetoric, the more they provoke Chinese nationalists among the mainland population. This enables Chinese Communist Party leadership to reap political gains from a hardline stance.


      Organizations



      Alliance of Resuming British Sovereignty over Hong Kong and Independence
      Civic Passion
      Democratic Progressive Party of Hong Kong
      Hong Kong Independence Party
      Hong Kong Indigenous
      Hong Kong National Front
      Hong Kong National Party
      Studentlocalism
      Tsz Wan Shan Constructive Power
      Youngspiration


      See also



      Cantonese nationalism
      Chinese imperialism, opposed by Hong Kong nationalists.
      "Glory to Hong Kong"
      Hong Kong Autonomy Movement, they emphasize Hong Kong identity but do not support independence.
      Hong Konger Front
      Local ethnic nationalism
      Shanghai National Party, an anti-communist "Shanghai nationalist" (上海民族主义) party claiming independence in Shanghai.
      Stateless nation
      Taiwanese nationalism


      References

    • Source: Hong Kong Nationalism

      • Hong Kong Nationalism (Chinese: 香港民族論) is a book published in September 2014 by the Hong Kong University Students' Union. Edited by the Undergrad, the official magazine of the union, it compiled nine articles from students, scholars and commentators and argued the necessity of nationalism in Hong Kong.
      The book became well known a few months later after then Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying openly criticised it for promoting Hong Kong independence. The book was considered to be banned following the national security law since 2020.


      Background


      Localism was on the rise as Occupy Central with Love and Peace initiative was gaining momentum after the announcement in March 2013. Undergrad wrote two months later that the movement "must be Hong Kong-oriented". It urged Hongkongers to give up Greater Chinese nationalism and the belief that China would be democratized.

      According to an opinion poll conducted at the University of Hong Kong, which was subsequently published in the February 2014 issue of Undergrad, 37% of the 467 interviewed students expressed support to a hypothetical independence referendum even though it would not be recognised by the Chinese government, and 42% supported if it would be recognised. That issue, known as "Hong Kong nation's self-determination of fate" (香港民族、命運自決), urged for bolstering localism which would be the only path for Hongkongers' resistance.If we believe Hong Kong should be a place different from mainland and with the freedom of speech, then we would naturally be free to propose and advocate for Hong Kong independence.Five essays were compiled into the same issue by the student editors. Except one that expressed doubt on the notion of Hong Kong nation, that issue would later be expanded and became Hong Kong Nationalism, after adding five essays by scholars and commentators, including an associate professor from Johns Hopkins University, following the remaining four articles which were amended amidst the Sunflower Student Movement.
      The book was published in September 2014. In the same month, the Undergrad slammed the Occupy Central leaders for kowtowing to Chinese Communist Party, and believed a new democracy movement would be to align with Hong Kong independence.


      List of essays



      The original four articles written by student editors are –

      Relaxing Social Security Eligibility and Localism Politics by Brian Leung Kai-ping, chief editor of Undergrad
      In response to the Court of Final Appeal's ruling that lowers the requirement for the Comprehensive Social Security Assistance Scheme from seven-year residence to one-year, prompting concerns of significant increase in welfare expenditure by Chinese immigrants
      Localism is the Only Way Out for Hongkongers' Resistance by Wong Chun-kit (王俊杰), deputy chief editor of Undergrad
      The Whole Cultural System is what behind Hongkongers by Jamie Cho Hiu-nok (曹曉諾)
      Should Hong Kong Have the Rights of Nations to Self-determination by Jack Li Kai-tik (李啟迪)
      The additional five articles are –

      The Lilliputian Dream: Thoughts on Hong Kong Nationalism by Wu Rwei-ren (吳叡人), Taiwanese historian
      Discussion with Undergrad Students on Hongkongers and the Identity by Lian Yi-zheng (練乙錚), Hong Kong journalist
      A Rump Nation and a Self-determined City-state by Hung Ho-fung, Hong Kong-born American sociologist
      Revisiting City-state: Brief History of Hong Kong Localism by Eric Sing-yan Tsui (徐承恩), Hong Kong doctor and commentator
      Dispelling Doubts of Localism by So Keng-chit (蘇賡哲)


      Government's criticisms



      600 copies of Hong Kong Nationalism were sold in the first week, and around 1,300 more were sold between the first three months. But the discussion was mostly limited to the academic circle, and the book was relatively obscure and unknown to the general public, until Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying denounced the "fallacies" spread by it in the policy address delivered in January 2015.

      The 2014 February issue of "Undergrad", the official magazine of the Hong Kong University Students’ Union, featured a cover story entitled "Hong Kong people deciding their own fate". In 2013, a book named "Hong Kong Nationalism" was published by "Undergrad".It advocates that Hong Kong should find a way to self-reliance and self-determination. "Undergrad" and other students, including student leaders of the occupy movement, have misstated some facts. We must stay alert. We also ask political figures with close ties to the leaders of the student movement to advise them against putting forward such fallacies... As we pursue democracy, we should act in accordance with the law, or Hong Kong will degenerate into anarchy.
      The attack was anticipated as the pro-government papers had already singled out Undergrad on the morning of the policy address. Nonetheless, the condemnation was unexpectedly placed at the early start, which Leung speculated it as a communist-style ideological confrontation intended to frighten the student activists. Other non-political issues such as housing and social care delivered in the Policy Address were overshadowed by the "concerns" of independence.
      Leung's remarks prompted sudden interest in separatism, and the book to fly off the shelves across the city on the same day. New 3,000 copies were then shipped and sold.
      The student editors of Undergrad slammed Leung for his unprecedented attack on a student publication "devouring freedom of speech", and clarified that the book does not intend to promote independence nor there is a hidden agenda of so. Instead, the students explained, the book aimed to contribute to the academic discourse on Hong Kong’s identity and implications of that notion. However, Brian Leung said the idea of independence will grow and might become a "substantive option" for Hongkongers in the future.


      Aftermath



      As Hong Kong Nationalism and the topic of Hong Kong independence was given undue publicity, Leung was mocked by the localist camp as "the father of Hong Kong independence", who created "a crisis that wasn't even there". Leung insisted Hong Kong independence would be unconstitutional and inviable, and continued his zero-tolerance policy against "secessionists" throughout his term. Pro-Beijing bloc's reiteration on suppressing the secession ignited further debates, while traditional democrats were as also pulled into the argument.
      Sino United Publishing, the publishing group controlled by the Chinese authorities, decided not to purchase the book after the Umbrella Movement citing "commercial decision", which Jack Li said was a censorship.
      In the next few years, calls for separating Hong Kong from China remained in the city. It was subsequently amplified by the anti-extradition bill protests in 2019. Chinese government, in response, imposed the national security law that criminialises acts including subversion and secession. Hong Kong government then began reviewing books in the public library "to avoid breaching the national security law", and in May 2021, Hong Kong Nationalism was eventually removed from shelf.
      Brian Leung fled to the United States after storming the Legislative Council in July 2019 and joined the Hong Kong Democracy Council, advocating Hong Kong's autonomy from abroad. Hong Kong police reportedly placed a bounty on him for secession and collusion. A year later, Jack Li defected to Hope for Hong Kong, a moderate party, rejecting separatism as impractical and unrealistic.


      Notes




      See also


      Hong Kong independence
      Localist camp
      Hong Kong National Party
      Chin Wan, author of On the Hong Kong City-State


      References




      Further reading


      Hong Kong Nationalism, in original Chinese text
      Hong Kong people deciding their own fate, in original Chinese textArchived 2019-10-09 at the Wayback Machine

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