• Source: Longjia language

Longjia (autonym: suŋ55 ni55 mpau21) is a Sino-Tibetan language of Guizhou, China related to Caijia and Luren. Longjia may already be extinct (Zhao 2011).
The Longjia people now speak Southwestern Mandarin, though they used to speak their own language, and have had a long presence in western Guizhou. According to the Guizhou Ethnic Gazetteer (2002), the Longjia language was spoken in Dafang County, Qianxi County (Zhongping District 中坪区; Xinfacun 新发村 of Pojiao District 坡脚区), and Puding County (Jiangyizhai 讲义寨 of Baiyan Township 白岩乡). It is reportedly most similar to Caijia, and has many Old Chinese loanwords.




Classification



Guizhou (1984) shows that Longjia is closely related to Caijia and Luren. However, the classification of Caijia within Sino-Tibetan is uncertain. Zhengzhang (2010) suggests that Caijia and Bai are sister languages, while Sagart argues that Caijia is Sinitic and a close relative of Waxiang.




Dialects


The following dialects of Longjia have been described.

Pojiao District 坡脚区, Dafang County, Guizhou (Pojiao District now comprises Maochang 猫场镇, Dingxin 鼎新彝族苗族乡, and Lütang 绿塘乡 townships of southwestern Dafang County.)
Huaxi Village 花溪大队, Zhongping District 中坪区, Qianxi County (now Huaxi Township 花溪彝族苗族乡)
Jiangyizhai 讲义寨, Puding County
Caiguan Town 蔡官镇, Anshun City, Guizhou
The following comparative word list of three Longjia dialects is from Guizhou (1984:2-3). Guizhou (1984) notes that the dialect of Jiangyizhai 讲义寨 (Puding County) is divergent, while the dialects of Pojiao 坡脚 (Dafang County) and Huaxi 花溪 (Qianxi County) are more closely related to each other.




Phonology


The Puding County Almanac (1999) reports that the Longjia language (autonym: Songnibao 松泥保) has 38 onsets and 22 rimes (8 simple, 14 complex). The Bijie County Almanac (1996:143) reports that there are many prenasalized onsets. In Dafang County, the autonym is Songlibao 松立保.
The most extensive lexical data of Longjia can be found in Zhang & Li (1982).




Nanjinghua


The Nanjing people (南京人) have usually been classified with the Longjia people, and claim to be descendants of soldiers from the Nanjing area who had intermarried with the local Longjia in Guizhou. Their language is known as Nanjinghua (南京话; "Nanjing speech"), which is probably now functionally extinct.
In Jianxinhe village 建新河村, Kunzhai Township 昆寨乡, Nayong County, Guizhou Province, the phrase suo55 mu33 ‘eat rice’ was elicited from an elderly rememberer of Nanjinghua. As suo55 is derived from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *dzya ‘to eat’, this points to Nanjinghua having an SVO word order like Caijia, Longjia, Bai, and Sinitic languages.




See also


Macro-Bai comparative vocabulary list (Wiktionary)




References






Further reading


Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission, linguistic division [贵州省民族识别工作队语言组]. 1982. The language of the Caijia [Caijia de yuyan 蔡家的语言]. m.s.
Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission [贵州省民族识别工作队]. 1984. Report on ethnic classification issues of the Nanlong people (Nanjing-Longjia) [南龙人（南京-龙家）族别问题调查报告]. m.s.
Hsiu, Andrew. 2013. "New endangered Tibeto-Burman languages of southwestern China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, and others". Presentation given at ICSTLL 46, Dartmouth College.
Zhao Weifeng [赵卫峰]. 2011. History of the Bai people of Guizhou [贵州白族史略]. Yinchuan, China: Ningxia People's Press [宁夏人民出版社]. ISBN 978-7-227-04678-3
Hölzl, Andreas. 2021. Longjia (China) - Language Contexts. Language Documentation and Description, vol 20: 13-34.
Hölzl, Andreas. 2021b. Prenasalization in Longjia. The 34th Paris Meeting on East Asian Linguistics (JLAO 34), 7-9 July 2021, Paris.
Hölzl, Andreas. 2022a. A typological profile of Longjia, an archaic Sinitic language. 14th Conference of the Association for Linguistic Typology (ALT), Austin, 15-17 December 2022 (online).
Hölzl, Andreas. 2022b. Longjia: An archaic Sinitic language. Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l’Asie orientale, CRLAO Paris, 25 October 2022.




External links


Longjia field notes (2013)

Kata Kunci Pencarian:

• Bahasa Longjia
• Rumpun bahasa Cai–Long
• Rumpun bahasa Bai Raya
• Bahasa Luren
• Bahasa Caijia
• Longjia language
• Longjia
• Macro-Bai languages
• Longjia people
• Bo people (China)
• Cai–Long languages
• Loloish languages
• Luren language
• Changchun Longjia International Airport
• Languages of China